How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?
Well, initially, they said "This is awful. Can we just let these heretics teach what they want? No. Can we just let people leave the Catholic Church if that's what they want to do? No!" So it (the Church) took a variety of steps to force people out of Protestantism, which partly included laws against practicing it.Essentially though, the goal of the Catholic response was to install Catholic rulers in every important position who would ensure that Protestantism is illegal and that people who attempt to spread Protestant teaching are expelled or killed or silenced. Something along those lines.After much fighting though, Catholic and Protestant rulers worked out the Peace of Westphalia, which ensured that Lutheranism and Calvinism would be recognized as legitimate expressions of Christianity and that local rulers could determine the religion of their realm. It also laid the groundwork for the modern nation-state, we now all basically live in nation-states that relate with each other under an expectation of Westphalian sovereignty. Zelo Domus Dei was the name of the papal bull that condemned Westphalia and forbade Catholic rulers from recognizing it- that particular pope really wanted to keep fighting until the coercive power of the Church was once again absolute. But the bull was ignored by everyone and treated as if it didn't exist. That was a good day.
What was the Protestant Reformation and how did this affect American settlement?
the protestant reformation was all about the money. before the colonization of america, the western europe was poor and their taxes to Rome were low. after the colonization, their plundering of america meant large amounts of treasures of all sorts was coming to western europe and their taxes were raised. that is when they started thinking about keeping the booty from america. that is why the elite supported the reformation, disguised as a religious phenomenon. in the slavonic austria, protestantism became unified with the tendencies to write in native slovene language. as rome and austria, who did not have any colonies in america, started the war against protestantism, the 30 year war itself was a big reason for immigrants to leave europe. after that, austria expelled all protestants (what meant all people, who wanted to spread reading the bible and writing books in the native slavonic languages) and they moved west. because germany was devastated, they went to america.
Whats the word for getting kicked out of the mormon church?
its driving me nuts i cant remember this word. its NOT excommunication but its a special word thats used when a mormon leaves the church or gets kicked out. just curious. thanks!
Who encouraged the growth of the renaissance?
The Renaissance was actually more than one movement. In terms of intellectual 'encouragement' which affected both southern and northern Europe - commencing in the latter part of the Middle Ages, you may want to look for information on Desiderius Erasmus, labelled as a 'humanist' and also labelled as the 'wisest person' of the era. The Church of Rome patronized many of the up and coming artisans and artists. Alongside of this were some 'nouveau riche' - particularly such families as the Medici and the Borgias. The Church of Rome fell prey to criticism for too much lavish spending and over 'taxation' of believers - leading to the Reformation led by such notables as John Calvin and Martin Luther.
What were the main reasons for the cluny reform movement? Why did it succeed? How did reform movement influenc
The monastery of Cluny was founded in 909 by Count William of Aquitaine. William intended it to be an institution devoted to reform of the Church. William dictated that the abbot be freely elected by the monks of Cluny, not by the his successors or the bishop. He stipulated that the pope would be the protector of the monastery. Cluny was the main reform movement in French-- speaking lands; Gorzé in German-speaking lands to the East The origin and center of a mediæval monastic reform movement, the Benedictine monastery at Cluny was endowed in 909/10 by William the Pious of Aquitaine; its first abbot, Berno of Baume (909-27), expected his monks to conform strictly to the Rule of Benedict. William exempted the monastery from its secular obligations to him as its overlord in the hope that the monks would and could then pursue spiritual good instead of material wealth. The second abbot, Odo (927-42), was responsible for the expansion of its reforms as he encouraged other monasteries to adopt the austere observances of his; Odilio (994-1048), the fifth abbot, was responsible for the development of a system of Cluniac houses in Europe. The order's opposition to simony and lay investiture had great appeal, as did the emphasis on strict clerical celibacy and increased monastic meditation. The Cluniac movement reached its temporal peak in the XII Century, when Cluny ran over 1,000 monasteries. Although the Cluniac houses of Spain played a role in the Reconquista, the movement gave way to other reform efforts after the death of Peter the Venerable (1156), considered the last great abbot of the mother house. The monastery was suppressed during the French Revolution and became a museum in the XIX Century. VR