According to the theory of evolution, would the parents of the first human grandchild have been siblings? Why or why not?
No. There was never one "first human."Here's a useful analogy that might help explain how this is possible:Imagine having a photograph of each and every single member of one line of your ancestors in reverse chronological order, starting with you at the top of the pile.As you flip past yourself to your mother, grandmother and great grandmother you see your familiar features fade.As you continue going back the gradual changes continue. They are so subtle that after 40,000 portraits or so you'd be looking at some kind of hairy non-Homo sapiens hominid!Maybe you'd think you accidentally passed the first Homo sapiens but upon turning back you'd realize that there was no first Homo sapiens!Just as if you looked at a stack of photos of yourself taken every day of your life since birth and you tried to find the one at which you physically became an 'adolescent' or an 'adult'. There simply isn't one.That's because the terms 'adolescent', 'adult', and 'Homo sapiens' are all artificial and arbitrary words we've invented to help us understand and talk about massive spectra spanning huge, yet very gradual transformations.As for the "siblings" bit: although I suspect incest may be as old as sexual reproduction there is no need to accuse any of our ancestors of such a practice because there were never only two on the planet.The entire process described here occurred to not just some individuals but across populations of similar (and sexually compatible) beings.Reality is stranger than fiction:There was never a first man.You are but the latest link of an unbroken chain spanning millions of years of tough, strong, and fertile survivors who endured billions of life-threatening challenges and struggles for no other apparent reason than to make it through the day... And to lead to YOU.As a Facebook meme states:"You are the product of billions of years of evolution. Freaking act like it!"I hope that answers your question!
How do you identify a theoretical framework in an article?
I am not doing your homework for you! I haven't read the article so i can't anyway! but this tells YOU want YOU need to do and write about. A theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for your particular study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that will relate it to the broader fields of knowledge in the class you are taking. The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power. The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways. An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them critically. The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis for your hypotheses and choice of research methods. Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits you to move from simply describing a phenomenon observed to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon. Having a theory helps you to identify the limits to those generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to examine how those key variables might differ and under what circumstances. By virtue of its application nature, good theory in the social sciences is of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose: to explain the meaning, nature, and challenges of a phenomenon, often experienced but unexplained in the world in which we live, so that we may use that knowledge and understanding to act in more informed and effective ways. http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid...
What is the Social identity theory..?
People have a desire to belong to a group. They want to be a part of another group of individuals with similar beliefs or goals because it helps boost their self esteem; furthermore, they tend to believe that their group is the right one, or is superior to other groups. People may also belong to several groups, and may place other people in categorical groups. In short, you create an identity for yourself and others based on your roles and characteristics. This, then, bleeds over to other aspects of life. It leads to social comparisons, group think, stereotyping, and affects the way you interact with other people.
What are the four main theories of motivation?
Incentive Theory The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation. Drive Theory According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry. Arousal Theory The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch and exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book. According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. Humanistic Theory Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels. First, people are motivated to fulfill basic biological needs for food and shelter, as well as those of safety, love and esteem. Once the lower level needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one's individual potential.
Identify each chemical species as an Arrhenius acid or base, a Brønsted-Lowry acid or base or a Lewis?
the arrhenius definition of acids and bases are based off the exchange of H+ and OH- ions. it's the narrowest definition...an acid must be able to give up an H+ and a base must be able to receive that H+ with an OH-. the Bronsted-lowry definition is based solely on the exchange of the H+ ion...the acid gives and the base receives...this definition is a little more broad and the bases do not need to have an OH- lastly, the Lewis definition is based on the exchange of electron pairs....this is the broadest definition of acids and bases....they don't even have to have an H+. the acid gives the electron pair and the base receives it. the end.
Is attachment parenting backed up by solid, evidence-based research?
First, you need to define what 'attachment parenting' (AP) actually means. According to the group Attachment Parenting International, it is all about 'forming and nurturing strong connections between parents and children'. Well, that's not very specific now, is it? The API then sets out 8 principles of AP, which are: 1. Preparing for pregnancy, birth and parenting2. Feed with love and respect 3. Respond with sensitivity4. Use nurturing touch5. Ensure safe sleep6. Provide consistent love and care7. Practice positive discipline8. Strive for balance in personal and family lifeNothing there about vaccinations although a clear steer under number 2 towards breast feeding although there is also advice given about how to use bottles in a way that mimics breast feeding as much as possible so it cannot be said to be exclusively about (directly) breast feeding either (http://www.attachmentparenting.o...). There is limited evidence that so-called 'attachment parenting' is either positive or negative for children. Even critics of attachment parenting have acknowledged that it probably does no real harm (this would be different if AP did include a genuine anti-vaccine component, I would think). These critics are mainly from a sociological perspective on the extreme libertarian wing who argue that the state should have no role in family life whatsoever, including putting up posters saying 'Breast feeding is quite good for babies". So make of them what you will. From a quick look at the API website, I could not see any obvious links to actual scientific papers, which you would think they would include if there were any worth citing.I also searched the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and found no hits, zero, nadda, nothing for "attachment parenting".Attachment parenting emanates from - but I would argue actually has little to do with - attachment theory, which is relatively well supported by empirical studies. The article cited by Jane Chin (陳盈錦) (in the comments to the question) is, for example, about attachment theory rather than attachment parenting.So essentially, no, AP does not have a great evidence base or really any evidence base at all. There is no evidence it is harmful though so if it's your thing, why not?
What are the four categories of adolescent identity status?
Marcia’s Identity Statuses Marcia proposed Identity Status of psychological identity development: •Identity Diffusion – the status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment •Identity Foreclosure – the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or gaols for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g. allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options. •Identity Moratorium – the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet. •Identity Achievement - the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e. certain role or value) that he or she has chosen Note that the above status are not stages and should not viewed as a sequential process. more info - http://www.learning-theories.com/identit...
What is a psychoanalytic theory of gender?
The psychoanalytic theory of gender, otherwise known as the psychodynamic theory, was developed by Sigmund Freud in the 1970s (correct me if I’m wrong)And what it said was, during a child’s phallic stage, they would either develop the Oedipus or Electra complex (Oedipus for boys, Electra for girls). Which essentially meant was that they unconsciously developed a crush on their opposite sex parent. However they would be afraid that the SSP (same sex parent) would find out, so they started to hang out with them (the SSP) more and start to copy their personality traits, because unconsciously they would think that the SSP got the OSP (opposite sex parent) so therefore, they must know what they’re doing.So thats a basic explanation, I’m sorry if I left anything out.However my opinion is that this theory is utter shit.