What are some examples of the use of irony in the play "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller?
What seems especially ironic in Death of a Salesman is that Willy Loman is a failure but he keeps advising his sons about how to be a success. He was advising them how to be a success when they were kids in school, and he is still advising them how to be a success when they are in their thirties. In the meantime, Willy has becoming less and less successful because he is getting old and worn out. Willy doesn't know how to succeed. In his imagination he keeps asking his brother Ben the secret of success, which shows that Willy doesn't know the secret, if there really is a secret. Willy cannot tell his sons how to succeed and he cannot serve as a role model of success because he is far from being a success himself and doesn't even know how he could have succeeded. It is also ironic that Ben can't tell help him with advice. Ben keeps saying that he walked into the jungle and when he came out, by God, he was rich.
What is anti realism in theatre? What are some examples of it?
Anti-realistic theatre is any form of theatre which rejects realism.In the early 20th century, a huge realism movement emerged under Konstantin Stanislavski. His performance methods, known now as “method acting” or “Stanislavski’s system”, relied heavily on emotional memory and becoming the character. He was focused on truth through extremely realistic portrayals of characters and situations. It was a naturalistic performance style.At this same time, a counter anti-realism movement came about. Some were former students of Stanislavski’s; some were just actors, pushing boundaries as artists tend to do. Much of this work came in the late 1940’s, triggered by the total upheaval of Europe during WWII.Anti-realism was rooted in symbolism, metaphor, and themes versus straightforward storytelling. Performances were abstract, and many were devised. There was often a focus on a social message or criticism, and the audience was expected to actively engage in the performance versus passively watch it.Examples of types of anti-realism:Theatre of the Absurd[1]Epic theatre/theatre of alienation (Bertolt Brecht)[2]Theatre of Cruelty/surrealism (Antonin Artaud)[3]Arguably, Theatre of the Oppressed (Augusto Boal). It came later, but doesn’t fit in the category of realistic theatre[4]Brecht has a number of plays (The Caucasian Chalk Circle; The Threepenny Opera) and Boal has at least one book discussing his methods, so they would be good ones to look at for more about anti-realism.Footnotes[1] Theatre of the Absurd - Wikipedia[2] Epic theatre - Wikipedia[3] Theatre of Cruelty - Wikipedia[4] Theatre of the Oppressed - Wikipedia
What are examples of naturalism?
Naturalism or realism is anything in which the acting style is completely natural - so most films and television programmes are naturalistic. In theatre - plays like 'the crucible are naturalistic and perhaps the most well-known naturalistic play director was Stanislavki who developed many techniques and excercises which help the actor actually slip into the mind of the character - many Hollywood actors use these techniques for example Heath Ledger as the Joker - he locked himself in a gross hotel for four weeks and worked all that time on thinking as the joker would think. hope this helps. x
What are the differences between realism and naturalism?
You are comparing apples and oranges.Realism in philosophy argues that reality exists independently of observers perceiving it; in contrast to idealism that argues there is no rational basis to conclude perceived reality exists independently of observers.Naturalism in philosophy argues that only natural forces as opposed to supernatural or spiritual forces govern the structure and behavior of reality. Commonly, naturalists are called materialists which is a form of realism. All materialists are realists but not all realists are materialists. For example, Plato was a realist but not a materialist. He concluded universals such as numbers are more real than any particular chair, rock, or whatever and exist independent of the mind and are discovered by it. However, this common attribution is not accurate. The question of realism or idealism should be meaningless for a logically consistent naturalist. To a modern naturalist, all knowledge is derived from or based on scientific knowledge giving pragmatic true based on perceptions and changes in perceptions, thus there is no way for naturalists to define perception or for those perceiving to define themselves — it would simply be a worthless circular definition equivalent to stating that a “four footed animal is an animal”. Another way to see it from the naturalist perspective is that whatever the answer may be, realism or idealism, the answer does not affect the pragmatic truth of the scientific knowledge. All scientific formulas and theories would stay the same regardless of whether reality is independent or not independent of observers — so why care which it is?For naturalists, by definition, the supernatural is supernatural and thus also does not matter since it is not part of the natural world, the world in which we live and must survive — so why care?Please note: I am not saying there is no reason to care and answer the issue, I am just trying to be specific on answering your question.
What is meta-ethics, and what are some examples?
A simple way to think of this is to divide ethics into three main categories:Applied Ethics (Is it moral to eat meat?)Normative Ethics (Should morality solely be based on achieving the best outcome?)Metaethics (Is there such a thing as moral facts?)Metaethics is sort of like the machine room of ethics. It’s where the most fundamental questions get asked such as:Can moral statements be true or false? (Cognitivism vs Non-Cognitivism)Are moral assertions actual assertions, or just expressions of emotions? (Emotivism)Can moral facts, if they exist, be reduced to physical phenomena? (Naturalism vs Non-Naturalism / Reductionism vs Non-Reductionism)Is there such a thing as moral facts? (Moral Realism vs Moral Anti-Realism)
What is the meaning of Naturalism?
Creationists accuse scientists who accept evolution as being being Naturalists in the philosophical and religious sense. nat·u·ral·ism [nach-er-uh-liz-uhm, nach-ruh-] –noun 1.Literature. a.a manner or technique of treating subject matter that presents, through volume of detail, a deterministic view of human life and actions. b.a deterministic theory of writing in which it is held that a writer should adopt an objective view toward the material written about, be free of preconceived ideas as to form and content, and represent with clinical accuracy and frankness the details of life. Compare realism (def. 4b). c.a representation of natural appearances or natural patterns of speech, manner, etc., in a work of fiction. d.the depiction of the physical environment, esp. landscape or the rural environment. 2.(in a work of art) treatment of forms, colors, space, etc., as they appear or might appear in nature. Compare idealism (def. 4), realism (def. 3a). 3.action arising from or based on natural instincts and desires alone. 4.Philosophy. a.the view of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces, excluding the supernatural or spiritual. b.the belief that all phenomena are covered by laws of science and that all teleological explanations are therefore without value. 5.Theology. a.the doctrine that all religious truth is derived from a study of natural processes and not from revelation. b.the doctrine that natural religion is sufficient for salvation. 6.adherence or attachment to what is natural.
What is the difference between melodrama and naturalistic plays?
I've only done a couple plays with a melodramatic style, The Tavern being one. And from my experience, the style is the difference. Melodrama is over played, values are exaggerated and usually helped by the dialogue in the script. As an actor you still have to fill and carve out your moments with real values, intentions coupled with enough energy to accomplish to "overplay". The pace is heightened and energized. Far more "presentational" but filled. I also did Miss Julie years ago and that required much more work from the inside out. Emotional climate and inner monologue are important to develop. The play gives great moments to fill and therefore imbue with believability. The energy level and pace is much more realistic takes the time needed to carve an fill moment to moment behavior. This is a little general, but is how I'm remembering the experience. Hope this helps!!
How is Psychological Realism related to Naturalism?
Hippolyte Taine's theory of race, milieu and moment is crucial to your question. Psychological realism, as far as I can recall, iterates the inherent idea of characterisation that the latter depends on a dynamic belonging of a character to its birth, present and the conditions that shape it. Naturalism is only an extension of this belief. If a character is presented to us in a certain way, it is to imply that the said character is a product of his birth (breed), and his current and earlier society. You can look at Jean and Julie from such a persepctive, too. I mean, there's no point rolling over the countless theories that have already found their way into our books. Just look at why a certain character behaves in a certain way, in response to a certain event in the play. Sexuality is a major part of Strindberg, so the scope of interpreting Jean as a low fellow, with hunger for domination raging in his insides (pun intended), is massive. Their momentous lovemaking can be taken for a symbolic overpowering of Julie by Jean, something he can never achieve, otherwise. He comes to materialize his dream with Julie, and then banishes her 'immoral' and fallen self. You can think of Julie in the same way.
What are some examples of movies and TV shows with groundbreaking approaches to storytelling?
Trainspotting: I don't know how to explain its uniqueness. Experience yourself.M: Film Noir Genre.Sin City: Dark Comic book style of storytelling.Annie Hall: Non-Linear screenplay to tell the heartwarming story of doomed love. Yes, we have seen it many times among different genres now (500 days of summer, pulp fiction, city of god, eternal sunshine etc.) but this was the beginning.Fight Club: Best example of Voice-Over & 1st person storytelling. The Wire (TV Show): Show about a city and its various ailing elements. From drug mafias to print media this show captured everything about a city in a perfect way. There are no characters lead of this show. Every season showed us a different aspect/angle of the Baltimore, killed some old characters & introduced some new characters. Watching this show was like watching the real lives of some people living in Baltimore.Seinfeld (TV Show): A show about nothing. This one of a kind sitcom did not have any basic premise or plot in it. Just 4 neurotic people living their lives in Manhattan and dealing with day to day life situations in a rather comic and bizarre way. Those antics of George and observations of Jerry may have been exaggerated sometimes but they were never far from truth.Memento: Obviously.The Blair Witch Project: Lost footage/Hand held camera movies. LOST (TV Show): Use of flashbacks for the character and story development was never used this effectively anywhere.Rang De Basanti (Hindi) : Two parallel and somewhat similar story-lines running simultaneously to effectively deliver the message.24 (TV Show): One of the most original ideas ever. Show running in real time what is more exciting than that. It was repetitive and rushed sometimes but it never stopped being entertaining.Community (TV Show): Pop culture references, movie-game themed episodes.Amelie: Surreal 12 Angry MenPark Chan Woo's Revenge TrilogyDonnie DarkoAdaptation & Being John MalkovichClerks 1 & 2Confessions (Japanese)