How are brine shrimp's metabolic rate affected by pH?
Metabolic rate is the speed at which the internal chemical reactions are performed within the brine shrimp's cells. pH (standing for "Power of Hydrogen") is a measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution. pH's from 0-7 describe acidic solutions, whereas pHs of 7-14 describe basic solutions. How does pH affect metabolic rate (in general)? All organisms use biological catalysts to speed up their internal chemical reactions. These biological catalysts are proteins called "enzymes." Enzymes only function at certain pH levels, and they have a pH level that they function best at. This is known as their 'Optimum' pH level. If the pH level gets too high, these enzymes start to 'denature', meaning they change shape and break down, and become useless. This now means that the organism can no longer perform its internal chemical reactions (that it needs to survive) at a quick enough rate - and it will die. On the opposite side of the pH scale, if the pH is too low, the organism's enzymes will remain intact (they will not be denatured), but they just will not work at all. A pH of around 8 is optimal for the brine shrimp. A pH less than 5 and greater than 10 will likely kill the brine shrimp, because with a pH of 10, the brine shrimp's enzymes denature, and with a pH of less than 5, the enzymes don't work at all. You curve would have "pH level" on the x-axis (horizontal) and "metabolic rate" on the y-axis (vertical). The curve would be at a low metabolic rate, gradually increasing up to a pH of 5. From 5-8, the metabolic rate will increase rapidly and the curve will become very steep. After pH 8, the curve will plummet to a metabolic activity of 0 (it should be at a metabolic activity of 0 by pH 10).
If you don’t believe in God, how do you think the universe was created?
“If you don’t believe in God, how do you think the universe was created?”You are begging the question.When you ask how the Universe was created, you are implying there is a creator.There most probably isn’t.All evidence gathered so far points to no need for a creator.There’s no evidence in favor of a creator.Since I’m an atheist, but not also a Cosmologist or Astrophysicist, I don’t have the knowledge to say how the Universe came into existence as we perceive it today. (see the diference from your begged questioning?)But I have the ability to think critically, and with the little knowledge I do possess on the aforementioned fields of study, I do agree with the models that have been proposed using the evidence we have so far, and that seem to work pretty well when making predictions about the natural world and its contents.And none of these models have the need for a creator of any kind.The problem with any creator as a solution for the apparent complexity of what we perceive, is that such creator must be even more complex, needing as logical consequence a creator of its own. And the same is valid for the creator’s creator, and so on and so forth in an infinite progression.Unless, of course, you use the special pleading fallacy and exempts your creator from the need of a creator. But then we can skip the middelman and grant the Universe the same exemption.Deities make no sense, and the Abrahamic God with his omni-everything definition makes the less sense of all.
What are some interesting random facts?
Each pineapple takes 1.5-3 years to growIn the UK, a lot of very old streets are named after the professions of ye olde inhabitants, e.g. Baker Street. The brothels were often located on Gropecunt Lane, many of which still exist under Grope Lane (like in Bristol) or Grape Lane (like in York)Gary Numan is 13 days older than Gary Oldman.A hippopotamus' sweat is red, but it is not their blood.Hedgehogs can run a top speed of 4mph.At one point in time, all the details of the Manhattan project were in three safes, each locked with the code 27, 18, 28. Mathematicians would of course recognize these numbers as the euler number, 2.71828, a number that has wide importance in calculus.Fraternal twins can have different fathers.If you stack 50 red blood cells on top of each other it'd be as thick as a piece of paper.All the planets could fit between the Earth and the moon.Bats have the highest known rate of homosexuality of all animals.The word "laser" is actually an acronym. Light Amplified Stimulated Emissions of Radiation.You do NOT have to wait 24 hours to file a missing person's report.The broader the dark stripes are on a watermelon the sweeter it is!Bandwidth is how much data can be moved in a given time frame. Megabits per second.Latency is how long it takes the data to move from point A to point B.One inch is 2.54 cm. That'll help you with nearly any conversion to or from metric.111,111,111 times 111,111,11 is 12,345,678,987,654,321.Japan has over 300 KitKat flavours.The Y symbol used in phrases like "Ye Olde Fashioned" is actually called the thorn and is pronounced 'th.'Bill Paxton is the only actor to have been killed by an Alien, a Predator, and a Terminator.‘Subcontinental' has all vowels in reverse order.'Facetious' has all the vowels in normal order.One pint of hippopotamus milk has 1600 calories.American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by taking out an olive from First Class salads.The word vagina comes from latin vagĭna literally translating to a sheath or scabbard. Or, simply put, a place to put your sword. Damn that's bad. It is kind of offensive.Police officers are called 'cops' because of the copper badges they used to wear.The g-spot is named after Ernst Grafenburg, its founder.A cockroach can live for nine days without its head before it finally dies from starvation.When the pope dies, they hit him on the head with a silver mallet three times and say his name to make sure he's dead.George Washington spent about 7% of his annual salary on booze.
What are some mind-blowing facts that sound like 'BS', but are actually true?
Men can breastfeed babies. (You read that right)Cows have best friends. So when the friend is gone the cow becomes depressed.The platypus sweats milk, as it lacks nipples. The milk collects in folds of the skin where the babies lick it from.A moose can dive underwater down to nearly 20 feets in search of food.The founder of, “match.com” Gary Kremen, lost his girlfriend to a man she met on, “match.com.”Neil Armstrong carried a piece of the Wright Brother's first airplane when he walked on the moon.Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.A German World War II submarine was sunk due to malfunction of the toilet.Crocodiles are more closely related to birds, than they are to reptiles.Every year, thousands of people send letters to Jerusalem addressed to “God.” There is even a “Letters to God” department of the Israeli postal service.Footnotes;—Strange but True: Males Can LactateHeifer so lonely: How cows have best friends and get stressed when they are separatedPlatypus - WikipediaMoose Information1903 Wright Flyer Fabric Taken to Moon Apollo 11Letters written to God are delivered to the cracks in Jerusalem's Wailing WallImage source — | Google |.- .- -.- .- ... .... / - .... .- -.- ..- .-.
What cooking oils are healthiest?
You should avoid frying in polyunsaturated fatty acids (corn oil, soybean oil, grapeseed oil, etc). Many of them form reactive carbonyl byproducts such as 4-hydroxy-[E]-2nonenal (4-HNE) when fried (see Food Fried In Vegetable Oil May Contain Toxic Compound and Formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, a toxic aldehyde, in soybean oil at frying temperature). Fish oils are the worst to fry in as they contain the greatest number of unsaturated bonds that are vulnerable to lipid peroxidation (http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/1...)Does cooking food in oil change the chemical structure of the oil? and Dietary methylglyoxal & AGEs - Nutrition are both good links. You should also read the references like Monitoring of Quality and Stability Characteristics and Fatty Acid Compositions of Refined Olive and Seed Oils during Repeated Pan- and Deep-Frying Using GC, FT-NIRS, and Chemometrics - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (ACS Publications) ).Olive oil is a primarily monounsaturated fat, so it shouldn't produce as much 4-HNE as frying the polyunsaturated fatty acid oils (it also has phenolic compounds that can [somewhat] protect against formation of toxic aldehydes and carbonyls). But frying olive oil will still produce substantial amounts of methylglyoxal (see Page on nih.gov). Methylglyoxal is even more reactive than 4-HNE, though its extremely high reactivity might also make it harder to get into the cell's nucleus where it could react with DNA.In general, cooking in saturated fats should produce the fewest toxic byproducts, though saturated fats can still contain health concerns of their own (this is very controversial). You should avoid re-using cooking oil whenever possible. Adding antioxidants to the oil can also reduce the number of toxic byproducts formed, but they certainly won't reduce the number to zero.
How can you convert heat energy directly into electricity?
There are many ways to do so. One is to use the traditional system of using heat to turn water into steam and using the pressure of the coming steam to drive a turbine. Not much efficient, but reliable machinery and great for large scale units. Second is to use a Seebeck Generator which uses the temperature difference in a rod/plate to directly convert the heat supplied into electricity. However, in practical use the silicon used gets broken or malfunctions due to stresses from the high temperatures. Another is to use Stirling Engines which very efficiently convert heat into motion which can be used to drive a turbine and generate electricity. And as it can externally be supplied heat via external combustion or some other heat source, it does not have the choking, ash, and other problems associated with internal combustion engines like that of a car. It can go at upto 60% effieciency at high temperatures which is many times more than the typical 20-25 of a car engine. But the problem of heat stresses still persists, but new advances in technology are making them more viable and safer at high temperatures, and some designs give high efficiency at even low temperatures(at least 10 centigrade temperature difference needed to be efficient). There are several other heat engines which can do the same, and can be found in books about early heat engines or other websites on the internet. There is also another rather non-conventional way: using heat on a tube like cylinder filled with a heavy but not very viscous liquid, and applying heat on an elastic bottom of the cylinder(an apparatus like a thermoacoustic refrigerator), but the waves produced can be used to drive a small turbine and generate electricity. Not much efficient, but it works. There are many such non-conventional ways
How did you overcome the fear of death?
First and foremost, you are obsessing.Second, stop it.Third, how?You realize that what you are doing is a complete waste of time. Look, you are going to die REGARDLESS of whether you are afraid of it or not. One day you will no longer be aware of your day to day as you will be dead and truly and honestly I can tell you… YOU WILL NOT CARE. As you will be too dead to care.Literally the only thing you are doing is wasting time meanwhile you are alive concerning yourself of something that you cannot change. Pretty stupid, eh?Okay, how do you start the whole process exactly? I will tell you.First, take some time alone, say an hour a couple times of a week and meditate. Ponder of “exactly” the reason WHY you are afraid. Be honest to yourself.I will give you an example. I too was once overly afraid of death. In fact, when I was 7 or so, I went to my mom and roughly said to her:“Mom, I have been thinking about it and I have a serious issue with non-existence.”Of course, my mom probably thought her son was crazy but I clearly remember having serious issues with death.Then one day, logic hit me. To worry about it, is stupid. I am wasting time that I could be playing, going out, enjoying my life, instead I was overly concern about what will happen when I know I was closer to death and then finally the act of actually being dead.Then as fate would have it, I saw death. Face to face. A man had been robbed in his place of business and a few kids and I went to check it out on our bikes.The body of the man was lying on the street. Blood everywhere. The cops and firemen where to busy to notice a group of 3–4 kids staring and I took a long, serious look at death and realize that it could happen at any moment. This man got up that morning thinking that he was going to just go to work, get paid, go home have dinner and call it a night. Instead there he was lifeless. It demystified death to me.That could be anyone, really. That is the same reason why I am not afraid of planes anymore, as I realize that the chances of it crashing are really, really small but if the plane start plummeting, there is literally nothing I can do. Then why leave the rest of your life like an afraid hamster.Trust me, if you have bad luck, you could get hit by a truck tomorrow. Not even your fault. Do you want to spend the rest of your life worrying about how some day you could have bad luck or do you want to focus actually making a life worth living?
In five words and without making a silly joke, what makes you believe or disbelieve the existence of a creator?
My nephew met the creator.When my nephew was 4 he was hit by a drunk driver. I was in the car following him and my sister when the accident occurred. He was lifeless. No heart beat, he wasn't breathing and his neck was broken. One of the witnesses at the scene performed CPR and he began coughing up blood. He was airlifted to the nearest trama center. The doctors at the hospital said he wouldn't make it thru the night. A week later they said he would be a vegetable for the rest of his life. One day I walked into his room and his eyes ( which had been open since the accident) followed Me across the room. When I reached the foot of his bed he smiled at me. The doctors said it was just a involuntary movement. Five minutes later he was smiling at everyone. My nephew is now 20 in his last year of college. Hes actually the one who introduced me to Quora. The ONLY thing he remembers about this terrible ordeal is the bright light, he describes it as the most euphoric feeling hes ever felt.He is adamant that the light telepathically told him that it wasn't his time, that he couldn't stay. No this isn't something he learned in Church ( at the time we hardly ever went). This was an organic experience. My nephew met the creator.
Why is it that the pad thai that I eat at my favorite Thai restaurant tastes sweet and not very spicy, while recipes I find online and on containers in stores taste nothing like the restaurants’? Is there a difference in types of pad thai?
Gaitsiri Mongkolsmai Lin gave a great answer and I never get pad Thai outside of Thailand, so even though I was A2A, there’s not much more for me to add other then it’s very unlikely that the noodles are the difference. Noodles are dried and light, so easily shipped wherever. The difference is likely the ingredients for everything else—the tamarind juice, the palm sugar, etc. And even though Thai restaurants tend to make their dishes with a pale version of the flavors you find in Thailand, pad Thai is never especially spicy.I have always viewed pad Thai as one of those foods like a fried egg or chcoloate chip cookie—simple simple foods that speak to the skill of the maker. It’s very easy to make mediocre pad Thai which has a non-memorable taste (it’s a food that is mass-cooked at temple fairs for instance), and most pad Thai I have had even in Thailand is…ok. But every once in a while you find someone who is really good at making it and pad Thai transforms from mundane food experience to revelation. There was a woman a couple of kilometers outside my Peace Corps village who could do this. I would pedal my bike out there in the blazing heat for lunch past 3 or 4 other restaurants just to have a plate (or two!) of her pad Thai. She had the gift.
Can psychopaths and sociopaths fall in love, romantically?
I am an empath and have been involved with a psychopath for 16 years and I have become ripped to shreds psychologically. He is void of all natural feeling, social cues, empathy and is calm cool and collected as he manipulates and schemes his every move. I don't for a minute believe anyone who is a bonified psychopath could ever come to the realization that they actually are one and by stats 1% of the general population are actually psychopaths. I think people get confused and those who believe they are one are not. As there is not a chance in hell a psychopath would ever admit they are one, nor would they admit a thing. The could be caught with their hand in a cookie jar and will deny it, taking it to their grave. I have seen this for way too many years. They are void of all natural human emotion and response mechanisms. Zero empathy, rather get sick satisfaction in another's pain and suffering. They are calm whereas, a sociopath is more explosive. My big question is this....my for narcissistic abuser/psychopath is now with a female sociopath. How, for real does this kind of relationship work? I hope someone can provide me with an answer, as she has joined in with him and she is used as a tool to carry out his hate and revenge towards me. I am no longer under this umbrella of control. I see this woman is clearly a sociopath and to me they appear to be a match made in h*"". What is your opinion? I would love insight as to how these two types work out in a relationship when the psychopath needs to consult a manual to approach women because he is void of all human emotion and understanding..