How Does The State As A Political Institution Actually Operate To Help Structure The Lives Of

Why do we need political institutions?

Political institutions can be a broad term but I’ll keep in within institutions that structure the operation of our republic(assuming you’re talking about the US). Institutions set the rules that everybody must abide by and this is good for a couple of reasons. No party can change the rules because they are in power(They can in some senses and do but this is largely because Americans lack decent civics education and don’t understand what they’re losing so they don’t care.) This makes sense because otherwise the minority party would be worthless the majority could just switch around institutions to suit its needs and undermine opposition a common tactic in authoritarian ‘socialist’ regimes like Venezuela. Also institutions give structure to our theoretical foundation so the idea of checks and balances is great but now you need formal institutions with power to check and balance. So the Supreme Court is a political institution that makes sure the laws passed by the states and Congress abide by the consitution or that the President does not take any action forbidden by the constitution. The Executive is an institution that makes sure the laws passed by Congress are faithfully executed and is the primary organ by which we deal with foreign relations. Congress has a lot of power because it is supposed to be the main organ for the people to express themselves. These institutions are fairly set but they do fight against one another trying to get more power or overcome the institutional checks and balances. There are ancillary and less defined institutions that have been changed for instance the presidential selection system used to be much less democratic not necessarily better but had that been the system in 2016 it would’ve been Bush v. Clinton. So in summary we need political institutions because we need structure for the theoretical government we wish to have and for there to be a common set of rules that both parties regardless of power(save a majority strong enough to amend the constitution) have to abide by.

Is federalism in the US an effective political institution?

If it was really allowed to work as the system was designed, then yes I think it would be an extremely effective system. I think the greatest divides in my nation would fall by the wayside. Most divisive issues would be pushed down to the state level where different states would adopt policies and solutions that were in accord w/ the feelings and sentiments of the local population.The problem is that only the party out of power seeks to use federalism or states rights and then quickly abandons the idea once it gets power. With the national government having a disproportionate control over tax receipts it can bribe the states into going along w/ one-size-fits-all solutions rather than allowing the states to experiment and tinker with ideas to develop new alternatives to problems (not to mention blue states subsidizing red states). This means that we lose out on the evolutionary process of ideas that fully functional federalism ensures.

What is political institutionalization?

At basis: The act of tieing governing or a part thereof to an organizational structure that is itself.Now that may look a bit strange and self-referential, but if you try to pick it apart it becomes more so. Institutionalization, in this particular understanding -- needless to say there are others -- means that you set up a separate entity with the express delegated authority to do a thing.Thereby the entity becomes the only proper Doing-a-thing-place. Doing the thing outside of the institution is either senseless (Playing chess without adhering to the rules of chess.) or will get you sanctioned. (Firing a gun outside of narrowly controlled circumstances.)Practical example: We have three villages with chiefs. They want to work together and govern together. They see that they need rules and a structure for this. (Another way to look at Institutions is to see them as rules of procedure.)  So they meet and hash out an elective procedure and the rights of the office of chief-of-chiefs. They write it down and make it so.Institutionalized Chief-of-Chiefs. There you go.Questions?

What's the Chinese political system?

We called it “Elite politics”.It works in some fields.First the government system.1:Government created a system to select public servants from educated persons.2:A department named “组织部” selected successful junior officials to be intermediate officials based on their achievements.3:There were about 25 officials classes between the top president and lowest servants. “组织部” selected officials one by one,step by step until the member of Central Committee.4:When a official was selected into the Central Committee,the government could not decide his promotion.He was supervised by other members. These members have important vote rights to decide the top officials,such as the president, the premier,and other ministers.Second the People's CongressOnly socialist countries have this Congress.1:Citizens and farmers have right to vote for their trusting councillors.2:Local councillors have right to vote for their trusting assemblymen into upper Congress.3:There are 5 classes named“乡，县，区，省，中央”.Translate to English:village,county,city,province,central(state).4:People's Congress have the rights to accept or refuse the nominations from government on every class from lowest counties to the top president.And the People's Congress also have right to remove any official on his class if it is necessary.Third the judicial systemAlmost the same with People's Congress but the nominations right is from government.Forth the Armed systemAlmost the same with People's Congress but the nominations right is from government.The last CPPCCThis is a system to unite other classes.If you are a successful businessman,performer,athletes,scientist who have influence power in society,they will invite to join in.The member of CPPCC have right to suggest for government to influence policies.