What are the concepts of "Doxa" and "Habitus" that Pierre Bourdieu created?
According to bourdieu, a society is a multidimensional space consisting of number of spaces or fields. These might be various institutions, social groups like workplaces, local communities, etc.When entering a field the individual has with him/her a habitus. Habitus is a kind of bundle of resources. It's a capital of different amought and types. This is either: - Economic (what do you own - money and such)- Social (who do you know and who knows you, your networks basically)- Cultural (knowing cultural norms, how to behave and what to do in various social contexts)As an idividual enters a particular space or a field all these forms of capital are transformed into Symbolic capital. Symbolic capital can be best explained as a capital having a particular meaning in a particular field. Like having a lot of money makes you important (economic). Or knowing an important individual makes you cool (social). It may also work the other way around - like having a Justin Bieber T-shirt will likely make you look stupid in a rock club.Doxa is a set of rules in a particular field. It is "the universe of possible discourses". It defines what is thinkable and sayable.Difference between doxa and opinion is that doxa is kind of a unquestioned truth, while opinion contains things that might be openly contested and discussed.Bourdieu believed doxa to be more than just a common belief. He has also seen it as a potential to give rise to common action.Based on doxa the group in the particular field will evaluate the endividual and prescribe him/her a legitimate position in the field.
How would taking a 40 mg dose of prednisone every day affect the body? Would it be safe to go on this dosage for a few months to reduce inflammation?
40 mg of Prednisolone would come close to 1 mg/kg/per day (for a 40 kilo person), and you can do the maths based on your body weight.That’s a reasonably high - dose - technically called a pharmacological dose for a steroid (as opposed to a Replacement Dose, which would just about replace the regular Cortisol produced in your body, for which a 5 - 7.5 mg would generally suffice.What that means is: at that high dose, there is a significant suppression of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis. When a steroid is continued for a long time, then recovery from this suppression lags behind; the external supply goes to zero, but the internal supply does not catch up fast enough - a situation called an Acute Adrenal crisis: it can be life-threatening.That, in a nutshell, is the reason a steroid is never stopped abruptly, but always tapered-off. That is ONE of the reasons a Steroid is never started unless the dangers of not starting it are worse than the dangers of starting it.The other reasons are the side-effects of steroids, which are a legion: Hyperglycemia (technically, a diabetic-like state, and it is disputable whether steroids can be the sole cause of permanent diabetes); high blood pressure; peptic ulcers; osteoporosis; a Cushingoid Habitus - I have attached a picture below for you to see what that means (but it’s not pretty, in short!) and so on and on.So if you are thinking of starting a steroid tablet for “some” inflammation - then don’t. Let your treating doctor be the best judge; trust me, it’s always better to have somebody else to blame!
How is race affecting income inequality in America?
Hello Kimara, A major social problem in America today is its inequality of the distribution of income. "Income inequality refers to the gap between the rich and the poor. The United States has the most unequal income distribution in the industrialized world, and it is growing at a faster rate than any other industrialized country" (Eitzen & Leedham, pg. 37). The main reason as to why income is distributed so unequally is because of the gap between social classes. Each social class has a certain power, and that power is their economic ability to change society. The four major classes are the capitalists, managers, small entrepreneurs and the workers. A persons clothing, housing and educational opportunities usually depend on their class, but that is a direct reflection of their income. A person does not gain any class or power without their income being taken into consideration. The only problem is, is that there is also class inequality, which further prohibits people to earn an equal income. Read the complete essay here:
Today morning I did my first sugar test on an empty stomach using a kit and got a reading of 100. Am I borderline dieabetic? Or does 100 map onto sugar level of a normal non-diabetic person?
Your fasting blood sugar level is fine, you don't have diabetes, not even pre-diabetes (impaired fasting blood sugar), no other tests needed.If you're at high risk of developing diabetes (obese, one of the parents have type 2 diabetes, a woman has had gestational diabetes) repeat at yearly intervals.See the Mayo websit Tests and diagnosisA fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it's 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.For decades an oral glucose tolerance test haven't been done to diagnose diabetes.Some are using glycated hemoglobine (HbA1c) levels instead of fasting blood sugar to diagnose diabetesAn A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal.HbA1c levels at least in Europe isn't given as a percentage anymore, but to have consistent lab to lab result as mmol/mol, see this conversion chart NGSP HbA1c (%) to IFCC HbA1c (mmol/mol) conversion chart