How Many Pieces Of Dna Will Ava Ii Cut The Human Genome

Approximately how many fragments of human DNA will be formed if it is digested with EcoRI or Hind II restriction enzyme?

Human genome size = 3x10^9 bpEcoRI recognition seq = GAATTC (6bp, palindrome)Frequency of occurrence of EcoRI recognition site in given sequence considering that the all 4 bases have equal probability of occurrence:(1/4)^6 = 1/4096i.e. One EcoRI site can be found in 4096 bp.Now number of sites in human genome = 3x10^9 / 4096= 732421.875As EcoRI can not cut a sequence if it is not complete, so 732421 recognition sites in human genome can be found.As you know human genome is linear genome, and when you digest it with Restriction Endonuclease having one recognition site, it always gives two fragments.means if there are n sites, there will be n+1 fragments.So, total number of human genome fragments generated by EcoRI digestion (complete) = 732421+1 = 732422HindII recognition site = GTYRAC (6bp)where Y = any Pyrimidine (C or T)R = any purine (A or G)Frequency of occurrence = 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/4 x 1/4= 1/1024No. of HindII recognition sites in human genome = 3x 10^9 / 1024= 2929687.5 = 2929687total number of human genome fragments generated by HindII digestion (complete) = 2929687+1 = 2929688Ref: EcoRI | NEBType-2 restriction enzyme HindIIHindII - WikipediaHuman Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked QuestionsBest Regards!

Do modern humans look different than the ones who existed 5,000 years ago?

It depends on what your definition of “different” is. Evolution works rather slowly and 5000 years is not much in the timeframe of evolution scheme. The human back then looked like us with very subtle differences. As a matter of fact, people ages 20 or less look a hint different than previous generations. They don't have a third eye, but there are differences. I lived in Spain around 1986 for less than a year. I noticed that average Spaniard that I saw walking around was less than my height (186 cm or 6′ 2″). Today the average height of the Spaniards is much closer to that number. I would consider that a genetic change and a difference. Look at the suites of armor and see if you can find many that are even close to today’s average man. Then there are some developmental or consequential changes to the DNA and genetics. 5000 years ago people didn't travel as much and genetics of different races were not mixed as much as today or 50 years ago. There are two men in the history who are very influential in the genetics of humans in different regions; Ghingiz khan and Napoleon. Ghingiz Khan took so many people of different races from every land he conquered back to Mongolia and the spread of these races of men being some kind of smith and women as slaves throughout the path of his army has changed the genetic make up of many of the people in the area. Napoleon on the other hand believed that his army should be consisted of tall men; the taller they are, the better. By taking the tallest men in France to his wars and the fatal one, Russian front and getting them killed, he changed the balance of height in France as many of the French people today are descendants of the ones who didn't make the height requirements. The Gauls were famous for their height in the ancient times.Just the living conditions of human beings can govern differences in their structure. Average human feet or “Shoe size” has changed Due to changes of footwear, especially sport shoes/ Sneakers. Around 1988 in Us, I observed girls 13–15 walking in the Malls had feet larger than grown women of age 40+ in the same area, length and width.BTW, many of the recreations that is seen in museums and such are somewhat on the bright side. Having some experience in regards to the particular looks of one particular person vs another, I can assure you that a minute amount of change can have a large effect on the outcome.

What would happen if we transfused animal blood into humans?

First of all, humans are animals! Every animal, including us, have proteins on the outside of our cells to identify them so that our body recognizes them as our own. Think of this ID protein like a little national flag. If a cell gets into your body and it has a different flag, your body will attack and destroy it as an intruder. The proteins on the outside of human red blood cells (RBCs) are named A, B, and O. If you are blood type ‘A’ then you have ‘A’ flags on your RBCs, ‘B’ blood types have ‘B’ flags, ‘AB’ blood types have both ‘A’ and ‘B’ flags and ‘O’ have no flags. This is why people with ‘O’ blood are universal donors, they are like stealth cells because they have no identifiers so they can fly under the radar and are not recognized as intruders so they are ignored. People with ‘AB’ blood are universal receivers because their body recognizes both ‘A’ and ‘B’ flags as its own. Other animal species have different proteins on their blood cells, therefore a human body would not recognize them and would treat them as invaders. The same reaction would occur if you infused the wrong type of human blood in your body.As a biologist I have taken hundreds of blood samples from other species and have accidentally poked myself a few times. I was hoping to become birdman or something but alas, no effect! Some people have hyperactive immune systems so perhaps they would have an allergic reaction to a small amount of blood. However, if you directly infused a large amount of blood that did not match your blood type you would be in trouble.