How is a new drug developed?
there are many pathways for drug discovery, but I will only cover 1 here: scientists discover and "map" a receptor in the human body (one that usually reacts to a natural chemical found in our bodies). Then they design many (this could be hundreds) drug molecules that are similar to the natural molecule or would fit the receptor well (receptors and chemicals act like "locks and keys"). The synthesized chemicals may be studied for stability, cost, etc. Eventually, a very select few of the molecules go into animal testing. All of the designed chemicals may fail, or 1 or 2 may prove effective. Then these move onto clinical trials in humans, where they may fail or pass. Usually 1 at most does well enough to make it to long-term randomized controlled clinical trials, which are what the FDA wants to see to approve a drug. If they pass, they may then come to market as a new medication.
Does the body develop a tolerance to every drug?
No not "every" drug. Tachyphylaxis is the term used to describe the acute decrease in response to a given drug and there are few examples of such drugs that may induce tachyphylaxis. Every doctor knows if the drugs they prescribe has this potential and warns their patients of such a possibility or adjusts the duration of effective treatment accordingly.
Why is it so expensive to develop a new drug?
Drug patents are for 20 years. It takes about 12 years to do the development and two years for FDA review. That leave 5–6 years of patent life.The drug development process involves preclinical work (in vitro and animal), Phase I (safety), Phase II (efficacy and range of dosing), Phase III (prove safety and efficacy in patient population).This work takes $900M+. It involves hundreds of staff, hundreds of researchers, and thousands of patients.One of every 20 drugs that go into human testing (Phase I), get approved. The other 19 fail due to safety problems or lack of efficacy.The one drug that is approved has to pay for the cost of the 19 that failed and develop enough profit to start testing the next group. And the patent runs out in about 5 years when generic companies take over.Drug testing for all its reliance on science makes gambling in Las Vegas an easier bet. Many large drug companies have gone out of business because they made a bad bet — remember Upjohn and Pharmacia.So when you take that pill that will help you live longer and better and are appalled that it cost pennies to make but dollars to buy just look at the economics of the process.
How to develop new cancer drugs for nasal pharyngeal carcinoma?
with cancer research institutes, I am sure things like this are never ending, i.e. someone must be working on it somewhere in the world already, you may get more information from NIH websites, good luck
Any possibility I may develop immunity if always take Erythromycin as drug of choice in treating tonsilitis?
More than likely if its been working since you were a kid it wont stop now. Antibiotics kill the bacteria yes but the immune system finishes it off now how the immune system assists in the destruction of bacteria varies from person to person although it is possible to develop an immunity the bacteria itself would have to mutate, meaning the next strand of bacteria would have to have a DNA more resistant to the Erythromycin so its never really your body that becomes immune its the bacteria. Overall i've never heard of a tonsillitis that mutates to become resistant
When getting photos of illegal activity developed on a disposable camera, will you get in trouble?
A lot of different items come into play here. First with a joint, there is no way of knowing that is what it is, it could be a home rolled cigarette. So the cops couldn't do anything besides start watching you. With other recreational drugs, such as cocaine, it would depend on the picture. Is someone snorting it? Or is it sitting on a table somewhere? Really what it comes down to is the developer. It is up to them if they call the police. If they think you are under age they might be more tempted to call the police. I had pictured developed when I was 19 of me and friends completely trashed, doing shots and smoking weed but I never got in trouble. It just depend on how obvious it is too. Like the pictures I had, have a pipe on the table and stuff....stuff you really have to look for. Good luck!