What do you mean by protein transportation?
Protein transportation,in the context of cellular activities,is the transportation of proteins from one organelles to the other.The complex internal organization of eukaryotic cells generate hardship for transport of proteins to their destinations.Many proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane and secretion from the cell are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum.In contrast, proteins synthesized on free ribosomes either remain in the cytosol or are transported to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes . The first step in the biosynthesis of secretory proteins, plasma membrane proteins, and many other proteins in a eukaryotic cell involves the transport of at least portions of the polypeptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Parts of the polypeptide chains serve as signals that direct the translocation across and the integration into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and also determine the orientation of membrane proteins. Processing of the proteins takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum and from the endoplasmic reticulum proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus, where the proteins are further processed and sorted for transport to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell.
Are women's brains fundamentally different from men's?
There are several anatomical differences in the brains of men and women, which lead to differences in their behaviours.In terms of neural circuitry, women have more connections between left and right halves of the brain. Meaning: Since left brain is associated with intuition whereas right brain with logic and reasoning, women are more likely to interlink knowledge from different disciplines to deduce things.On the other hand, men have more connections between brain areas of motor and spatial skills. Meaning: They have better hand-eye coordination and spatial intelligence.In women, there is more wiring in region associated with social cognition. Meaning: It makes them more emphatic and comfortable in navigating complex social situations.Women have a bigger hippocampus and more neural density in this region. Meaning: It is the region critical for memory and learning. Women retain stronger and more vivid memories of emotional events than men do.Men not only have fewer verbal centres but also less connections between memory and these word centres, whereas women have more verbal centres. Meaning: Women are more interested and comfortable in using various words to convey their feelings, whereas men are relatively hesitant.Male brains utilise nearly seven times more grey matter while female brains utilise nearly ten times more white matter. Meaning: Men work better in task focused projects whereas women are better multi-taskers.The male brain is typically about ten percent larger than the female brain. Meaning: This does not amount to any significant difference in the behaviour or capabilities of any of them.There are several neurochemical differences as well, for example levels of serotonin, μ-opioids, vasopressin etc. in the two sexes. Meaning: Each chemical results in difference in behavioural traits.Reasons for the differences in the brains of the two sexes:One reason is that in general, brain regions that differ in size between men and women such as the hippocampus and amygdala tend to contain especially high concentrations of receptors for sex hormones.References-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc...Are Male and Female Brains Different?Brain Differences Between GendersHow men's and women's brains are differentEdit 1: These differences do NOT make any gender’s brain better than the other. It just makes them somewhat different.Also, I personally believe that exceptions exist in substantial numbers.
Does ear apart from being an organ of audition is organ of equlibrium, How?
Google is your friend... (or yahoo in this case, maybe?) Equilibrium The inner ear also detects: * the position of the body with respect to gravity * the motion of the body. Just above the cochlea are two interconnecting chambers filled with endolymph, the sacculus and utriculus. On their inner surface are patches of hair cells to which are attached thousands of tiny spheres of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Gravity pulls these downward. As the head is oriented in different directions, these ear stones or otoliths shift their position. The action potentials initiated in the hair cells are sent back to the brain. Motion of the body is detected in the three semicircular canals at the top of each inner ear, each one oriented in a different plane. There is a small chamber at one end of each canal containing hair cells. Whenever the head is moved, the fluid within the canals lags in its motion so that there is relative motion between the walls and the endolymph. This stimulates the hair cells to send impulses back to the brain. When the hair cells send messages that are incongruent with what the eyes are seeing and our body is feeling, as may occur in a boat or aircraft during rough weather, motion sickness can result. Some people also suffer severe dizziness because otoliths have become dislodged from their utriculus (e.g. following a blow to the head) and settled in a semicircular canal.
What are important questions of physiology in a 1st year MBBS?
Thanks for the A2A.Well, it's your first year so if you’ve got a plenty of time try to study from standard books first.!But these are the most important topics in physiology in point of view. It is.!!I made this list according to my college study and lectures.Hope this helps..!Best of Luck..!