Question For An Engineer In Practice/academia

Law School: If legal academia and legal practice often are entirely unrelated, why go to law school? Why not change the laws on becoming a lawyer and have everyone study under a real lawyer who already has 20 to 30 years of actual experience. Abraham Lincoln did it and I don't know why things changed?

Because the point of law school is not primarily to prepare one for legal academia.  The primary purpose of law school is to establish a basic foundational understanding of how the law works, how to understand and research the law, and how to argue positions against one another using precedent and legal reasoning.  That's what a Juris Doctor program does -- it trains one to "think like a lawyer".The next degree in line, the LLM, is more academic-focused, and usually is not pursued except for very specific specialties and for those who are interested in teaching law or engaging in other academic or behind-the-scenes work (such as clerking for Federal judges).Several states do still allow apprenticeship programs, but those programs realize that such apprenticeships are extremely limiting in their applicability -- in that someone who apprentices may have an extremely deep understanding of one particular are of law, but be entirely ignorant of all others.  This is something that law school is specifically designed to avoid -- all students are expected to have a basic understanding of nearly every area of substantive law when they finish their schooling, except perhaps some of the more esoteric or complex areas (such as tax law).The law has changed significantly since Abraham Lincoln taught himself, and none of those changes has made the law more accessible or easier to understand and apply.

Is there any engineering or other academic discipline that solely deals with the design and maintenance of machinery in factories?

Design and maintenance are two different fields and are done by different people.Design is done largely by mechanical engineers working mainly as a part of a team with electrical engineers and robotics people. Most universities offer some or all of these.Maintenance is a trade school discipline and many learn through an apprenticeship.The people who maintain the machines are paid less than the designers. Hence it is a waste of money to have a person capable of design to do maintenance.

What are some of the similarities and differences between academic psychology research and UX research in industry?

I really like this question as after 8+ years of UX research practice I understood I miss academic research a lot.Of course, they are quite similar. Same tools, same methods, many concepts are the same. Having a background in psychology really helps working as a user researcher. But at the same time they are different.Let's start with some differences in philosophies. Well, obviously commercial UX research is focused more on business goals than some general questions. Typically, you don't research anything just out of interest. You can do some really 'general', exploratory studies, but you should always have the idea why the results would be of use to your client. Academic psychology research, as I see it, on the other hand, is more about answering (or asking) general questions that don't apply to some specific context only.That's what I miss most of all. Though I often face interesting research challenges and questions during UX research, I can't feel the same excitement of discovery as in academic research.Another difference is pace. In academic research you typically have all the time you need. UX research has to compromise with fast-paced development cycles. This results in overlooking some things. E.g. you might have to run a survey without testing it. Or don't dive too much into the validity of your test. But, of course, there are exceptions and good companies tend to run their research as properly as possible.One more difference I noticed might be somewhat regional-specific. Here in Russia, most of the academic psychology research is made with deductive/quantitative approach. Not too many studies are made using qualitative methods and induction. Commercial research projects, on the other hand, tend to be more qualitative. But, as I've mentioned, the situation might be different in other countries.

What is the difference between Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biomedical Sciences?

There is a clear and distinct difference between the Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical/Bioengineering. The Biomedical Sciences are concerned with the facts, theories and models describing biological and/or clinical phenomena, including subfields such as physiology, virology, biochemistry, molecular biology, or proteomics. Biomedical/Bioengineering applies traditional engineering techniques in subspecialties such as mechanical, materials, or electrical to solve biological or clinical problems. So the difference is as clear as, say between chemistry and chemical engineering, where one is theory and the other is practice.The difference between Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering is more subtle, and can have varying interpretations. Generally, Biomedical Engineering is the more widely encompassing field, including the development of engineering solutions to both biological ("Bio-") and clinical ("-medical") questions. Biomedical Engineering departments at universities typically have research in areas as diverse as tissue engineering, biomaterials, kinetic modelling, cell signaling, neural implants, and medical imaging instrumentation. Bioengineering is generally recognized as a subset of Biomedical Engineering, and concerns itself with more of the scientific - primarily the biological questions, and less the translational ones. Kinetics, microfludics, physiological modelling and cell targeting are some standard Bioengineering areas; fields such tissue engineering, drug delivery and biomechanics are also considered Bioengineering because of their strong dependence on the basic science, but have more explicit translational/medical applications so they blur the line and add to the confusion. A case in point: the top-ranked departments of Duke University's Biomedical Engineering and the University of Washington's Bioengineering have virtually identical research scopes. At MIT, the confusion is avoided by doing away with the terms Biomedical/Bioengineering altogether - graduate degrees in Medical Engineering and Biological Engineering are offered.

Download link for handbook for mechanical engineering gate?

GATE is an examination that tests your concepts as well as your ability to perform under stress. There are a tons of study material for Mech. Engg. GATE available online, however, I will not confuse you further and will send you to the best links from where you will get everything you need to study and score well in Mechanical Engineering GATE exam.Here are the links to download Mechanical Engineering GATE notes from Made Easy and Ace Academy as well as download Mech Engg. GATE chapter and topic-wise previous year GATE solved questions:Mechanical Engineering (ME) Made Easy Handwritten Notes, Material PDF Scans for GATEMechanical Engineering (ME) ACE Academy Handwritten Notes, Material PDF Scans for GATE[PDF] GATE Mechanical Engineering (ME) Chapter/Topic-wise Previous Year Solved Questions (2010-2018)All files can be downloaded directly for free from above links and I hope the above links are of help to you for free study material of GATE Mechanical Engineering.Please UPVOTE and share this answer if you like these :)