What makes a peptide bond?
a peptide bond is made when two molecules go through a dehydration synthesis reaction, meaning they come together and the result is an amide (CO-NH) and water (H2O)... the peptide bond is between the carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2).. those peptide bonds are very important in polypeptides and proteins because the chains of amino acids are held together by those peptide bonds
What is the difference between a peptide bond and a hydrogen bond in protein molecules?
A peptide bond is what is formed when an amine group reacts with a carboxylic acid group. It looks like this (marked in red on right side of arrow)It is a strong chemical bond and not easy to break.A hydrogen bond is a comparatively much weaker bond between a highly electronegative atom and hydrogen. It is most often shown by nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine, but can be shown by chlorine in some circumstances.It is not a proper ‘chemical’ bond as such, but is important nevertheless. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for phenomena like increased boiling points, high viscosity, high thermal stability, etc.
What are the three types of RNA?
RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.It is a polymeric molecule that is present in all organisms except in DNA viruses.They are single stranded nucleic acid composed of nucleotides.RNA nucleotides consist of three components namely:Nitrogenous baseFive carbon sugarPhosphate groupRNA nitrogenous bases includes adenine(A), guanine(G) ,cytosine(C) and uracil(U). The five carbon sugar in RNA is ribose. RNA molecules are polymers of nucleotides joined to one another by covalent bond between phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of another. This linkage is know as Phosphodiester linkage.RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis as it is involved in the transcription,decoding and translation of genetic code to produce proteins.Types of RNAThere are three major types of RNA which occurs in all organisms.They are:Messenger RNA (mRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)Ribosomal RNA (Messenger RNAAs the name suggests mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. Genetic information on the DNA are transcribed into the mRNA by a process called transcription. The mRNA is always single stranded. It is about 3 to 5 per cent of cell. mRNA serves as template for photosynthesis.Transfer RNAThe tRNA is a small molecule when compared with other type of RNAs. It amounts to about 15 per cent of the cell.The most important function of the tRNA is that it carries aminoacid to the site of protien synthesis.tRNA has a clover leaf like structure and it is synthesized in a small part of DNA. Though tRNA molecule is single strand,it assumes clover leaf like structure through folding. It has four arms namely anticodon arm,D arm, T arm and aminoacid acceptor arm.The acceptor arm carries an aminoacid.The anticodon arm has three anticodon nucleotides,which will join with the complementary codon in mRNA during photosynthesis.D arms main function is that of recognition.In certain tRNA addition to these four arms an extra arm called variable arm occurs.Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNAs are the most stable form of RNA. It constitute 80 percent of the total RNA of the cells.They are produced in the nucleus i.e in nucleolus. These RNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structure physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protien chain.Thank you for reading.
While you gradually increase the temperature of a solution containing various biological molecules..Pleasehelp?
While you gradually increase the temperature of a solution containing various biological molecules as indicated below, what will be the first bond or interaction that will be broken? 1. phosphodiester linkage of RNA 2. -1,4 linkage of the glucose monomers 3. -1,4 linkage of the glucose monomers 4. -pleated sheet of a polypeptide 5. ester bond of a diglyceride
What is the function of tRNA in biology?
Function of tRNA is as follows:1) Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.2)tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.3)Proteins are built from smaller units called amino acids, which are specified by three-nucleotide mRNA sequences called codons. Each codon represents a particular amino acid, and each codon is recognized by a specific tRNA.4)The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these hairpin loops contains a sequence called the anticodon, which can recognize and decode an mRNA codon.5) Each tRNA has its corresponding amino acid attached to its end. When a tRNA recognizes and binds to its corresponding codon in the ribosome, the tRNA transfers the appropriate amino acid to the end of the growing amino acid chaicode.6)The tRNAs and ribosome continue to decode the mRNA molecule until the entire sequence is translated into a protein.
What is the relation between RNA and DNA?
What is the relation between RNA and DNA?Short answer: DNA serves as a static storage device (for digital genetic code), from which various RNA molecules — when cells divide — replicate the entire DNA molecule, but mostly only extracts specific code (genes) needed in order to build and maintain bodily tissues and structures.The relation between the two is easiest seen in this image of the “central dogma” in biology:The Central Dogma of Biology image snagged from genius.com article The Central Dogma.Except that RNA uses uracil where DNA uses thymine, that the RNA sugar is ribose and the DNA sugar is deoxyribose, and that RNA is single-stranded whereas DNA is double-stranded, the the general structure of the two molecules is quite similar.DNA and RNA compared (image lifted from www.thoughtco.com article The Differences Between DNA and RNA).
Which of the following is a proposed hypothesis for the origin of genetic information?
A. Early DNA molecules coded for RNA, which then catalyzed the production of proteins. B. Early polypeptides became associated with RNA bases and catalyzed their linkage into RNA molecules. C. Short RNA strands were capable of self-replication and evolved by the natural selection of molecules that were most stable and autocatalytic. D. As protobionts grew and split, they distributed copies of their molecules to their offspring. E. Early RNA molecules coded for DNA, which then dictated the order of amino acids in a polypeptide.
Describe how the information encoded by a length of DNA is used to build proteins in a eukaryotic cell.?
Protein synthesis occurs in a two stage process - these processes are transcription and translation. During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter base sequence on the 'sense' strand of DNA - the strand that will not be read. The polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix and catalyses the synthesis of messenger RNA, drawing on the 'free pool' of ribose nucleotides (nucleoside triphosphates). The enzyme removes two phosphates from the nucleotide and links the 5' end to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. The free bases allign by complementary base pairing to the antisense (template) strand of the DNA molecule. At the terminator base sequence of the sense strand (the end of a gene) the enzyme unbinds and the mRNA is complete. During translation, firstly amino acids in the cytoplasm are bound with transfer RNA, there being a specific tRNA molecule for each of the 20 or so amino acids used in protein synthesis. On each tRNA molecule there is a sequence of three bases called an anticodon, which is complementary to each codon on the newly-synthesised mRNA molecule. As a ribosome (generally found in the cytoplasm) moves along the mRNA in the 5' --> 3' direction, the complementary anticodons of the specific amino acid-tRNA complex slots into place on the codons of the mRNA, held in place by hydrogen bonds. While held there, the amino acids are joined by peptide linkages, creating a growing polypeptide chain, and thus the primary structure of a protein. The freed tRNA moves back into the cytoplasm to be re-used. Slightly long-winded explanation, but hope it helps!
Which of the following is a proposed hypothesis for the origin of genetic information?
A) As protobionts grew and split, they distributed copies of their molecules to their offspring. B) Early polypeptides became associated with RNA bases and catalyzed their linkage into RNA molecules. C) Short RNA strands were capable of self-replication and evolved by the natural selection of molecules that were most stable and autocatalytic. D) Early RNA molecules coded for DNA, which then dictated the order of amino acids in a polypeptide.