What is criminality?
Criminality refers to conditions and behaviours that the State has agreed constitute "crimes" or offences against society.These are usually codified by statute(s) known as criminal laws or codes.Even though there may be only one victim, these behaviours are thought to have wider implications on public order and safety for society as a whole. Therefore, they are enforced and prosecuted by agencies of the State and carry specified penalties. They are also subject to defined rules of evidence that impose a heavy burden of proof on the prosecution, usually expressed as proof "beyond a reasonable doubt".There is another class of laws known as "civil"or "private law", that pertain to behaviours and conditions that result in legal disputes between two private parties. These too are codified in various statutes but differ from the criminal law, in that the matter is resolved not by the State but by legal representations by the two parties before a judge. The burden of proof is less onerous than in criminal cases, being described as the "balance of probabilities" or terms to that effect.It is possible that the same act may be subject to both criminal and civil law. For example, libel may be dealt with under civil and criminal law in many jurisdictions. Similarly negligence in some circumstances may be pursued civilly, and criminally in other cases. Even capital crimes (e.g., murder) may be addressed by both classes of law although the specifications differ. Murder is defined (in general terms), as a deliberate act causing death in criminal law. Thus the focus is on the immediate victim(s). However, it may be possible in some jurisdictions to proceed civilly under the applicable statute for "wrongful death". Also, the consequences arising from that act (eg, loss of income, making a profit from publication of a book by the offender) might be dealt with by a civil proceeding under the applicable statute.I hope this has been helpful.
What is the process of victimization?
The process of victimizing, like any other psychological phenomena starts to originate in the brain due to the minor or major reflection or influence of the society.Most of the time a person starts to victimize himself or herself when they are not able to get success in life and are in the need to find some potential reason.It is just like lying to oneself or making excuse to oneself.It can also be a effect of the society as the society plays a very important role in building a man’s image in his own eyes.Read such a story as of how a woman drastically victimized herself in the eyes of herself. Here's how my father's money bought me a happy marriage
What is primary and secondary victimization?
The primary victim is the one who was directly afflicted by a crime committed against them. IE. A person who is shot and killed is the primary victim of murder. The secondary victim is someone who is not the direct victim of the crime, but is affected by the crime committed. IE. The wife of the man who was shot and killed in the above example, now has to burden emotional and financial stress from the loss of her husband.
What are the fundamental propositions of feminist criminology?
there is some variety between feminist criminologiial perspectives 1970s: a)that there was gender blindness in criminology b) the treatment of women prisoners was misogynistic 1980s-1990s c)that criminology had failed to recognise the masculinity of criminality, and of crime. and thus the masculinity underpinning the victimisation of women. One of the the practical consequences of this turn was a major shift in policing practices to domestic violence, the expansion of legal-welfare resources for women victims fleeing domestic violence, and in the courts treatment of women as victims of rape. d)The deconstructionist approach within feminism. examined the way the legal system constructed sexual difference both - in its appointment of men as the major legal figures in the courts and in the policing of crime - and in crime and punishment discourses - this further contributed to the recognition that women as victims were doubly victimised, first by the crime then by the criminal justice system -more recently this focus on the neglect and the legally constructed distortions of the nature of crimes against women has led to concerns with crimes surrounding the global trafficking of women and echildrn
Do liberals victimize everyone? Do they use victimization and identity politics to get power? Is it damaging to someone to be constantly told they’re a victim?
They don’t.Why do conservatives victimize everyone? When they are not trying to stop people from voting they are encouraging pollution of the air and waterways or trying to deregulate the banks and Wall Street so the economy will collapse, again.They try fight to prevent universal, and cheaper, healthcare so the insurance companies can gain more profit. Then when cheaper insurance comes along they try to kill that so the companies can raise prices, again.The libertarians want to end all unions and minimum wage so the people will have to labor for pitiful wages. The constitutional right to “peaceably assemble” is being denied. Doesn’t matter so long as all the money goes to the top 1%.As for being called “victims” the conservatives have been called “The Party of Loss.” They believe that for the past 200 years they have lost and lost all that is valuable to them. They have been told and believe liberals victimize them. Liberals took away their slaves, liberals diluted their vote, liberals removed children from the mines and factory floors. Liberals destroyed the old hierarchy, mostly. And so on.In modern times the rural conservatives in the “red” states are being told they are victims of unions, government, Civil Liberties groups, homosexuals, feminists, etc. The libertarians push this story so they can prevent any organized resistance to their policies. Of course the rural conservatives are being victimized, by their bosses, by the corporations, by the libertarians feeding them misinformation constantly.Do the libertarians feel bad about this?