What does Methods of inference in statistics refer to?
For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/aw2BZ The word statistics ultimately derives from the modern Latin term statisticum collegium ("council of state") and the Italian word statista ("statesman" or "politician"). The German Statistik, first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state, signifying the "science of state" (then called political arithmetic in English). It acquired the meaning of the collection and classification of data generally in the early 19th century. It was introduced into English by Sir John Sinclair. Thus, the original principal purpose of Statistik was data to be used by governmental and (often centralized) administrative bodies. The collection of data about states and localities continues, largely through national and international statistical services. In particular, censuses provide regular information about the population. During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.) and economic and social purposes (unemployment rate, econometry, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices. This became a necessity for Western welfare states developed after World War I which had to develop a specific knowledge of their "population". Philosophers such as Michel Foucault have argued that this constituted a form of "biopower", a term which has since been used by many other authors. Statistics eventually merged with the more mathematically oriented field of inverse probability, referring to the estimation of a parameter from experimental data in the experimental sciences (most notably astronomy). Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond the service of a state or government, to include such areas as business, natural and social sciences, and medicine, among others. Statistics emerged in part from probability theory, which can be dated to the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal (1654). Christiaan Huygens (1657) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject. Jakob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi (posthumous, 1713) and Abraham de Moivre's Doctrine of Chances (1718) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics. [1]
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Why is Galileo considered the "Father of Modern Science"?
Galilei is called the Father of Modern Science, because:he made his first telescope and discovered the main moons of Jupiter,worked out the Speed of Light,laid down the first accurate laws of motion for masses,developed the concept of motion in terms of velocity,developed the idea of force, as a cause for motion,determined that the natural state of an object is rest or uniform motion, i.e. objects always have a velocity, sometimes that velocity has a magnitude of zero = rest, objects resist change in motion, which is called inertia.Read more: 1 and 2Galileo Galilee - father of modern physics
What are steps involved in the scientific methods? How can you best describe each one?
There are no specific steps!o Look at the enormous variability in science. Physics is entirely different from most kinds of biology which are extremely different from economics.o Look at what science actually does every day - because results flow out of that. A biologist will count up bear sitings to document bear range, a particle physicist will write software to analyze data from Cern, another will put an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and take photos, some do meta analysis of scientific papers written, the differences go on and on.o If a specific step existed, it would be taken, depending on the cost and practicality. In some cases it would be an experiment or observation that might not be possible with existing tech. If it were easy or obvious, it would be done.o In many cases, the reasoning behind a theory can be cryptic or counter intuitive. A scientist may come up with an obscure or “highly doubtful” line of reasoning that gets no support for a long time. Yet this might be correct, and the validity not determined for decades or centuries.o The process might be aided by a chance discovery, like Fleming’s discovery of penicillin.The only commonality in all of this is that somebody, or some group, has an idea. The idea is “fleshed out” and eventually somebody comes up with a way to test or validate it. The idea might not result in anything you would expect, it might not have predictive power if its an idea in astronomy, for example. Its impossible to observe black holes directly. It might not be testable, string theory is not. Its a raw idea. The good ones keep drawing attention and effort and eventually they are found to “work.” That means radically different things in the different sciences.If specific steps existed, then a computer program could do all this. But the program is limited by the Incompleteness theorem - so its fundamentally impossible to write such a program. Science is powered by human tenacity, late night bull sessions, chance encounters, day to day mundane plodding, and weird imaginings that turn out to be real.
Is theology "the queen of the sciences"?
Well, it was about a thousand years ago, when the phrase was coined. To say that it is requires either a time machine or a thousand year gap in your understanding of the universe.The term "science" as understood a thousand years ago was very different from what it is now. The term "scientist" is actually less than two hundred years old. The term "science", meaning "knowledge", goes back further than that.Medieval universities divided knowledge into seven fields of knowledge: grammar, logic, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. All of these were seen as ultimately the "handmaidens of theology". Theology was the ultimate pursuit, trying to understand God, assumed to be the source of what you were studying and the point of the study in the first place.Since then, our understanding of the universe has changed, and the natural no longer takes an automatic back seat to the supernatural. Our understanding of the natural grows and changes, while our understanding of the supernatural is identical to where it was ten centuries ago. Theology is still a valid subject, and still a "science" in the medieval sense of the term, but the modern understanding of the term has shifted to purely naturalistic (or at least evidence-based) studies.
What Is the Scientific Method?
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject to specific principles of reasoning.[1] Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, there are identifiable features that distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of developing knowledge. Scientific researchers propose specific hypotheses as explanations of natural phenomena, and design experimental studies that test these predictions for accuracy. These steps are repeated in order to make increasingly dependable predictions of future results. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry serve to bind more specific hypotheses together in a coherent structure. This in turn aids in the formation of new hypotheses, as well as in placing groups of specific hypotheses into a broader context of understanding. ______ 1 Elements of scientific method 1.1 DNA example 1.2 Characterizations 1.2.1 DNA/characterizations 1.2.2 Precession of Mercury 1.3 Hypothesis development 1.3.1 DNA/hypotheses 1.4 Predictions from the hypothesis 1.4.1 DNA/predictions 1.4.2 General relativity 1.5 Experiments 1.5.1 DNA/experiments 2 Evaluation and iteration 2.1 Testing and improvement 2.1.1 DNA/iterations 2.2 Confirmation 3 Models of scientific inquiry 3.1 Classical model 3.2 Pragmatic model 3.3 Computational approaches 4 Philosophy and sociology of science 5 Communication, community, culture 5.1 Peer review evaluation 5.2 Documentation and replication 5.3 Dimensions of practice 6 History 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading 9 See also 9.1 Synopsis of related topics 9.2 Logic, mathematics, methodology 9.3 Problems and issues 9.4 History, philosophy, sociology 10 External links 10.1 Science treatments 10.2 Alternative scientific treatments _____ See link below
Aristotle What is this philosopher's theoretical viewpoint about philosophy?
The best and approved technique is earn a PhD, and be called a philosopher. However, although some names become famous and praised as philosophers not by the degree earned but by extra-ordinary humble contributions and made by singular philosophic community, the best thing is to follow institutions or our traditional universities, in preparing the robe of a philosopher, unless considered books were published and serve for critical assessment on the professional preparation. Aristole and Socrates, like them, are excused since they're the conceptualizers and introducers of this profession. In short, to become a philosopher is to read books on Philosophies. The problem, when a unique ideas is presented newly the tendency is to appreciate, but in the name of Philosophy it has to passes over arguments, removing any logical fallacies, and predetermined by weak and strong arguments. The professional doubts is the significant of any philosophic community, and any attested disagreement is what raise a contentious beauty of philosophy.
Why do we refer to the natural sciences as science instead of the conglomerate of the natural, formal and social sciences?
I'm not sure what you are asking there. Science is a methos for discovering how everything works. All of nature, including all of human nature, is included in "everything." There is no such thing as "formal science" or "informal science," though there is certainly a distinction between professional scientists who are expected to adhere to the standards of their trade, and the rest of us, who are amatures, but hopefully have enough sense to consult with the experts before, say, voting on legislation.EDIT: I don't think your description was there when I first answered. I suspect that you were either taught, or are mis-remembering "formal" instead of "hard."Many people refer to the hard sciences as being those that ultimately derive from the laws of nature (physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, etc.) because these are amenable to objective experimentation and mathematical analysis. Social sciences (and I would include economics) are "soft" because they are less amenable to objective experiment, and inherently more susceptable to subjective bias.When you measure a meter based on the speed of light through a vacume, you have a hard, specific quantity to deal with. When you study the sexual themes in adolescent boys as they relate to career selection and satisfaction----not so much. That's not to say the soft sciences are any less valuable, just less concrete and more tricky.
What are the similarities between Earth sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences?
based on proven facts and principles.The differences between life science and physical science can be segregated in a simple explanation. Life science is the scientific study of life or all living organisms while physical science is the study of non-living organisms.Life sciences involve the study of humans, animals, and plants. However, psychology which studies the behavioral aspects of living organisms is also under life science because it also involves biological instances and aspects of these organisms to explain such phenomena.Life science and physical science are two broad categories under science. As we all know, science is a systematized body of knowledgeIn physical science it only involves non-living things though sometimes biological processes are also included to explain it fully. General principles of physical science rest upon theories and laws to explain why this occurs and why that does not.Examples of life sciences field are the following: biochemistry, botany, cell biology, cognitive neuroscience, ecology, genetics, health sciences, medicine, microbiology, zoology, and a lot more while under physical sciences are: chemistry either physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, etc; earth sciences such as: geology, soil science, meteorology, and lastly physics.All of these fields of natural and physical science have its own degrees which can be taken in colleges and universities around the globe. So if you love science and mathematics very much, then just choose among these for you to fulfill your dreams.