What To Do When Gaining Air Time While Water Tubing

Why does water drop out from the air conditioner when it's on? From where does the water comes from and how?

That's a very good question, to answer that let me take a small moment to explain how an AC works. Its pretty simple, in the AC unit we have a liquid called a refrigerant (which is basically very cold in liquid state ). The refrigerant is circulated in pipes. So what your AC does is, it takes the hot air from your room, passes it over the pipes in which refrigerant flows, now the heat from air  is taken by the refrigerant liquid and the air is cooled.Now, air contains moisture and this moisture condenses as the air cools. Its something we see everyday, take a glass of ice waterWe can see water droplets condense on the surface of the glass.And the same thing happens in an AC, the cold glass is replaced by pipes containing very cold refrigerant, so when air passes over these pipes, water droplets condense over the surface of these pipes. The water condensed on the pipes is then sent out using drain tube and that's the water you see.Just an image to show how water condenses on refrigerant pipes inside the AC.Hope this helps. :)

How can we pump water to a height of more than 10.3 meters? How do mine companies do it?

I presume the 10.3 meters is the number you calculated when you converted 1 atmosphere into level of water column. However, 10.3 meters is the limit you can lift using a vacuum. The reason is because your question relies on vacuum pumps using atmospheric pressure to do the heavy lifting. In other words, there is enough pressure from the air around us to push water up a tube by 10.3 meters, as long as there isn't any air pushing down within the tube itself (aka vacuum.)However, there is almost no limit to the height you can pump water using positive pressure. You would be constrained more by the plumbing than by the pumps themselves. You can easily obtain commercially available pumps that can generate enough pressure to pump water up an elevation exceeding 42 kilometers - albeit very slowly and assuming a structure to hold all of your plumbing...However, even with high pressure pumps, many tall (or deep) installations use booster stations. 100 psi (7 bar) is enough to get you over 70 meters, at which case you just install another pump for your next 70 meters. In case you want to figure out how much pressure you need for a given height:P=ρgh, pressure = density x gravity x elevation.

It sounds like there is running water inside my refrigerator. What could cause this?

What you're hearing is most likely one of two things:Flow noise caused by the refrigerant moving through the pipes and the condenser.The ice maker at work (if it has one).Here's a basic functional schematic of a typical home fridge:​​Note that most use a capillary tube as the metering device.As the hot gas moves through the condenser it condenses by releasing the heat it's gained by being compressed and becomes a warm liquid.Here's a little better (simple) diagram of the principles involved in the refrigeration process:​