Carboxylic acid and anhydrides reaction?
Carboxylic acid + anhydride < --> anhydride.+ carboxylic acid A carboxylic acid will be acylated by an acid anhydride. More often than not, the carboyxlic acid and anhydride have different substituents (R1-CO2H and (R2-CO)2O. The anhydride is usually symmetrical. When this happens, the product is a mixed anhydride (R1-CO2-CO-R2). In your case R1 = 3-chlorophenyl and R2 = acetyl. The product is acetic 3-chlorophenyl anhydride (mixed anhydrides are named with the two acyl groups listed separately, in alphabetical order, followed by the word anhydride.
Both are dicarboxylic acids.The structural formula of malic acid is HOOC-CH2-CH(OH)-COOH, and that of the other one is HOOC-CH=CH-COOH (cis-isomer of butenedioic acid).It can be seen that malic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid whereas maleic acid is an unsaturated acid having a carbon-carbon double bond.Malic acid is a hydroxy acid, but the other one is not.Again, malic acid is optically active due to the presence of one asymmetric carbon in its molecule. Maleic acid exhibits geometric isomerism with fumaric acid (trans-isomer).
On the order of acidity:Carboxylic Acid and Acid Anhydride > Phenol > Alcohol >>> AmineThe above order lies rather neatly, for the carboxyl group is acidic, while the amine group is basic so alcohol must be in the middle. Put in other words:The carboxyl group can with relative ease lose its hydrogen ion rather easily. This is due to the fact that the partial delocalization of charge between the two oxygen atoms stabilizes the resulting conjugate base, making it a bit more 'difficult' to get that hydrogen ion back. In another words, the carboxyl ion is stabilized by resonance. This doesn't still make them strong like HCl though and this is highly reversible. However, its ease to lose a hydrogen ion makes it an acid. That's why it is a 'carboxylic acid'.I am not sure about acid anhydrides. Placing them in a solution (i.e. water) makes them back into a carboxylic acid, so I placed it in par with the above.Similarly in the case of Phenol, the lone pairs of oxygen can partially delocalize to the delocalized pi-electron system of the benzene ring, which increases the stability of the phenoxide ion when it loses the hydrogen ion. This is not as strong as its carboxyl counterpart but nonetheless makes phenol acidic.Meanwhile, an alcohol group does not have the same amount of luxury. The presence of the alkyl group results in a positive induction effect, which 'intensifies' the negative charge of the oxygen atom, decreasing stability. The conjugate base would be rather unstable therefore and any instance it loses that hydrogen ion will result in a 'getting back' of that ion. This is why alcohols can be considered 'neutral' for their extent of ionization is extremely small.I do not need to say much about amines. Amines contain a nitrogen atom which has a lone pair of electrons which a hydrogen ion can accept. It can therefore act as a Brønsted-Lowry base, forming [math]-NH_3^+[/math] which if you have guessed makes it to the last position of the order.
acylation (rarely, but more formally: alkanoylation) is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent.Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with some metal catalysts, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents.For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl, as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst to add an ethanoyl (acetyl) group to benzene:Acetylation refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound, namely the substitution of an acetyl group for an active hydrogen atom. A reaction involving the replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group with an acetyl group (CH3CO) yields a specific ester, the acetate. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent reacting with free hydroxyl groups.
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic. The study of organic compounds is termed organic chemistry, and since it is a vast collection of chemicals (over half of all known chemical compounds), systems have been devised to classify organic compounds. A few of the compound classes based on the functional groups they carry are as follows: Acid anhydrides Acyl halides Alcohols Aldehydes Alkanes Alkenes Amides Amines Aromatics Azo compounds Carboxylic acids Esters Ethers Haloalkanes Imines Ketones Nitriles Nitro compounds Organometallic compounds Phenols Polymers, including all plastics Thiols Many organic compounds are also of prime importance in biochemistry: Antigens Polysaccharides, carbohydrates and sugars Enzymes Hormones Lipids and fatty acids Neurotransmitters Nucleic acids Proteins, peptides and amino acids Vitamins An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. Inorganic compounds come principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. The modern definition of inorganic compounds often includes all metal-containing compounds, even those found in living systems. Although most carbon compounds are classed as organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic. Major branches of inorganic compound groups include: Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, ... Metals and their alloys, like iron, copper, aluminium, brass, bronze, ... Compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, oxygen, for example water Metal complexes
What is the difference between an ester and an ether?
Esters for example CH3COOCH2CH3 are the products of a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol: CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH <=> CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O Ethers, for example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3, are the products of dehydration of alcohols: 2CH3CH2OH --> CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 + H2O (140 oC)
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Give an example of each.?
An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic. The study of organic compounds is termed organic chemistry, and since it is a vast collection of chemicals (over half of all known chemical compounds), systems have been devised to classify organic compounds. A few of the compound classes based on the functional groups they carry are as follows: Acid anhydrides Acyl halides Alcohols Aldehydes Alkanes Alkenes Amides Amines Aromatics Azo compounds Carboxylic acids Esters Ethers Haloalkanes Imines Ketones Nitriles Nitro compounds Organometallic compounds Phenols Polymers, including all plastics Thiols Many organic compounds are also of prime importance in biochemistry: Antigens Polysaccharides, carbohydrates and sugars Enzymes Hormones Lipids and fatty acids Neurotransmitters Nucleic acids Proteins, peptides and amino acids Vitamins An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. Inorganic compounds come principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. The modern definition of inorganic compounds often includes all metal-containing compounds, even those found in living systems. Although most carbon compounds are classed as organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic. Major branches of inorganic compound groups include: Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, ... Metals and their alloys, like iron, copper, aluminium, brass, bronze, ... Compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, oxygen, for example water Metal complexes
I added the topic Ketogenic diet to the question to make it clear this question relates to food and not that much to an organic ketone functionIn humans, there are 3 different ketones produced by the mitochondria of the liver.AcetoneAcetoacetic AcidBeta-Hydroxybutyric Acid (also known Beta-Hydroxybuyrate or simply BHB).As you can see from the structures BHB has no ketone-function (at least if you look at it from an organic chemistry perspective.) But it serves the same purpose in your body so that’s why they still consider it a ketone. It can be converted to energy (via acetoacetate and then acetyl-CoA) and can be used by the brain when glucose levels are low.Most food supplements rely on a form of BHB as an extra source of ketoneYou have two types:Ketone Salts: the organic acid function of BHB converted to, for example, the sodium salt.Salts are more soluble in water and it improves the absorption.Ketone Esters: just the organic ester of BHB. For instance:These esters will be converted to BHB in your body. Apparently these Ketone esters are used primarily in research and not used often in commercial supplements and most people do not like the taste of Ketone esters.The whole fuzz about Chris Froome in the Tour the France a few years ago was about ketone additives.They attribute a number of benefits to these Ketone additives: athletic performance enhancement, more efficient weight loss, cancer prevention, cognitive improvement and anti-inflammatory properties.The next wonder cure apparently. But I’m not the specialist in this field so I’m not going to comment further.PS most of this answer is copied from “Exogenous Ketones: What They Are, Benefits of Use and How They Work - Ketosource “ made a few adjustments to summarize and make it clear for myself and hopefully for the reader as well.
Matt Harbowy explains the problem with using a carboxylic acid quite well. However, I'd just like to add a little bit more to his answer.It is possible to produce aspirin by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid (the carboxylic acid). This reaction is done in the presence of an acid catalyst and produces what is called an ester.-Picture from: Page on jorum.ac.ukHowever, the reaction with acetic acid is unfavorable. In excess water, and presence of an acid catalyst, the reaction will go in the reverse direction: called hydrolysis of the ester. Since the reaction produces water, it will eventually go backwards causing a significant decrease in yield, unless you set up an apparatus that somehow removes the water or the aspirin as soon as it is produced. Acetic anhydride solves this problem for the reason Matt Harbowy explains. It's also common, cheap, relatively stable in appropriate conditions, as opposed to using an acyl chloride. It gives great yields and you can easily extract the aspirin after the reaction is complete by recrystallizing it (after destroying any remaining acetic anhydride).Also interesting to note, is that old aspirin bottles have the smell of vinegar especially when they get damp, because the aspirin undergoes hydrolysis upon addition of any water. You will also probably smell some vinegar with this synthesis using acetic anhydride especially after destroying the acetic anhydride with water.
I can name plenty of groups, what is more important is the number of possible reactions. I hold the view that a reaction to be unique can not have the mechanism of another reaction. To my mind electrophilic aromatic substitution looks very similar to the nucleophilic version. So much so that they can be regarded as two versions of the same core reaction.If you want groups, one other person said five how about this list of theAromatic ringAldehydeAlcoholKetoneAmideEsterCarboxylic acidAcid chlorideAlkeneAlkyneThioketoneThioesterThioamideUreaUrethaneIminephosphinethioldisulfidesulfidesulfonesulfoxidephosphinic acidEtherThioetheralkaneacetalalkyl halidearyl halidetosylateThis list of some of the groups took me about three minutes to think of and type