Give some practical examples about structuralism (psychology)?
Conditioning is the main idea for Behaviorism. These are split into operant conditioning, classical conditioning and vicarious reinforcement. Operant is where you are conditioned through reinforcement, through punishments are rewards. So, you are punished if you do something. The most famous example is the Little Albert study, where a baby called Albert was operant conditioned that when he tocuhed a mouse, a loud bang was heard, (a punishment for going near the mouse). Then, he longer goes near white fluffy things as he has associated those items with being punishing. Classical conditiong is through association. So, for example, you have been conditioned to think that the more beautiful you look, the more people will like you as they may approach you more. This has been through association, and can explain behaviours such as plastic surgey. Vicarious reinforcement is indirect learning, which is part of the Social Learning Theory. This is where you may watch role models and imitate and copy what they do, such as copying the behaviour of your favourite actor. This is done indirectly as you have not been conditioned to do this, but have learnt it through observation.
What are some examples of structuralism psychology?
The school of psychology that Wundt began and championed all his life is referred to as "structuralism". For this reason, Wundt is often referred to as the father of structuralism. Structuralism can be defined as psychology as the study of the elements of consciousness.Structuralism is a psychological theory that was introduced by psychologist Wilhelm Wundt and that was popularized by Edward B. Tichener. An example of structuralism is a camouflage fleece blanket. It is warm, soft, fuzzy and green. Another example would be an apple. It is red, crisp, hard and sweet. Structuralism is only interested in understanding the basic definitions of something, not the more complex ideas and reasons behind it.Using the example of an apple, a person practicing structuralism can only describe it in terms of their most basic perceptions. They cannot simply describe it as an apple, because structuralism believes that it is the total sum of the parts that have been broken down into the most simple elements that make up the whole of something.The theory of structuralism strives to understand the key components of the mind by breaking each thought and emotion down to its most basic elements. The process of introspection, or looking deeper into the self, was used to understand and interpret the conscious mind. Introspection required people to focus on the emotion that they were currently feeling or the thought they were currently having and try to understand what made them experience that feeling or thought.
How is Gestalt Psychology the opposite of structuralism?
Wundt, the main person of the Structuralism, was influenced by the way chemists were breaking water into hydrogen and oxygen and salt into sodium and chlorine. Thus, he and his disciples studied the structure of mind and consciousness through the method of introspection. Remember, they talk about elements, structure and breaking the consciousness into simpler form.Max Wertheimer, the main person of the Gestalt school, on the other hand, wanted psychology to focus on mind as a whole. Remember, "Whole is greater than sum of it's parts". It deals with how we acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions. They don't talk about the conscious mind like Wundt did.
What is structuralism in psychology? (Simple terms please)?
The school of psychology that Wundt began and championed all his life is referred to as "structuralism". For this reason, Wundt is often referred to as the father of structuralism.Structuralism can be defined in psychology as the study of the elements of consciousness. The idea is that conscious experience can be broken down into basic conscious elements, much as a physical phenomenon can be viewed as consisting of chemical structures, that can in turn be broken down into basic elements.In a nutshell, Structuralism is a school of thought that sought to identify the components (structure) of the mind (the mind was the key element to psychology at this point). Structuralists believed that the way to learn about the brain and its functions was to break the mind down into its most basic elements. They believed, the whole is equal to the sum of the parts.
What is structuralism?
Structuralism Definition
Explain to me what is structuralism?
Structuralism is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze a specific field (for instance, mythology) as a complex system of interrelated parts. It began in linguistics with the work of Ferdinand de Saussure. But many French intellectuals perceived it to have a wider application, and the model was soon modified and applied to other fields, such as anthropology, psychoanalysis and literary theory. This ushered in the dawn of structuralism as not just a method, but also an intellectual movement that came to take existentialism’s pedestal in 1960s France.[1] Structuralism enjoyed much popularity, and its general stance of antihumanism was in sheer opposition to the Sartrean existentialism that preceded it. But in the 1970s, it came under internal fire from critics who accused it of being too rigid and ahistorical. However, many of structuralism’s theorists, from Michel Foucault to Jacques Lacan, continue to assert an influence on continental philosophy, and many of the fundamental assumptions of its critics, that is, of adherents of poststructuralism, are but a continuation of structuralism.[1] Structuralism isn’t only applied within literary theory. There are also structuralist theories that exist within mathematics, philosophy of science, anthropology and in sociology. According to Alison Assiter, there are four common ideas regarding structuralism that form an ‘intellectual trend’. Firstly, the structure is what determines the position of each element of a whole. Secondly, structuralists believe that every system has a structure. Thirdly, structuralists are interested in ‘structural’ laws that deal with coexistence rather than changes. And finally structures are the ‘real things’ that lie beneath the surface or the appearance of meaning.[2]
What is Functionalism(school of Psychology)?
Functionalism basically asserts that everything in society has a function. Without a criminal, there would be no need for a policeman. Everything has a reason for being. In a school setting the same would be true. Imagine a body. All the parts of your body combine to make whole. The functionalist views society, the school system, in the same way. Everything serves a reason for the system. Once the system is established it always tries to maintain an equilibrium. Rule makers function to maintain the balance. Those who go outside the rules, in a school setting, may find themselves without work or in prison. Prisons also serve a function as jobs for many people, a sense of power for some or restitution for others, and a warning to all. Everything in a system has a function.
Psychology question (studying for final)?
Can someone help me? I'm lost when it comes to these questions. Please don't say do your own homework because I have to answer 100 question and these are the last few I can't seem to find an answer for. Thanks, Phineas Gage suffered a serious brain injury when a rod went through his brain. The importance of his injury to psychology was: The seriousness of his injuries The fact that he survived The interest in the brain that his injuries caused How the railroad company reacted Seeing school supplies in the stores and getting excited about the beginning of school is an example of which kind of learning? observational operant conditioning aversion classical conditioning Agents in our environment that cause arousal of one's mind and body are called:_________ stressors teratogens schema fixations Structuralism is to_________________as psychoanalysis is to____________ observation; conscious thought; society introspection; free association society; unconscious Herbie was in a serious motorcycle accident and as a result he is having trouble walking and playing the piano. The part of the brain that he probably injured would be the: cerebrum frontal lobe hippocampus cerebellum Skinner is to ______________conditioning as Watson is to___________________conditioning observational; classical operant; classical classical; operant aversion; observational
In early Psychology what is the difference between Functionalism and Structuralism?
I'm studying the same thing. Functionalism came out of Structuralism. Starting off with structuralism, Wilhelm Wundt was basically the founder. It is mainly concerned with the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities. It focuses on the minds structure. Next, functionalism is all about what the mind does and how behavior functions. Many of the functionalists asked what role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
How structuralism lives today?
I consider myself to be a structuralist, and I feel that structuralism, combined with a historical and biographical approach to literature, is the best way to do a detailed, academic analysis of a literary work.The literary theory of structuralism focuses largely on the structure of patterns in text and literary imagery. A good example of structuralism is when people analyze Shakespeare and show how his depictions of imagery are linked to the success or failure of a character in one of his plays.When I analyze literature I tend to combine structuralism with a simultaneous emphasis on relevant history (especially the historical events occurring around the time in which a work was written) and the biography of the author. In the case of Virginia Woolf, I wrote an academic essay on the novel To the Lighthouse, which was based, in part, on my study of her diaries, so as to to know more about her background, and to try to look at the novel from the author's viewpoint and intentions. I tend to use such historical and biographical approaches, combined with structuralism, looking closely at patterns of text and imagery. In the case of the essay I wrote on Woolf, I looked at significant images in the novel, and linked them to their traditional meanings.A particular type of flower can be mentioned in a novel, and it can be of interest to see if that flower has a traditional meaning or association. For example a white violet can be a symbol of innocence, and a blue violet may be a symbol of faithful love. It doesn't mean that every time such flowers are mentioned in a book they have that meaning, nor that one needs to find out about traditional flower associations to appreciate and understand literature. However the way such literary images are used in a story, together with the historical and biographical context, can indicate how such images function in a work, and can be of interest, especially if one is studying it in detail. Fortunately, many editions of great literary works (such as those by William Shakespeare and Virginia Woolf) have footnotes or other explanations which conveniently provide such information.