Can someone tell me complexity of Australian Aboriginal kinship systems?
In Australia, mathematical systems have been developed over tens of thousands of years to create intricate kinship systems ensuring genetic vigour. Similar systems were innovated millennia ago for species breeding and classification. Weight systems were based not on numbers, but on patterns on natural objects such as shells, conforming to what western scientists have only recently "discovered" and labelled as the Fibonacci sequence. Geometry was used in calculating time according to the angles and postion of the sun, moon and stars at different times, governing predictions about seasons and weather. This was also used for navigation. Although in many Australian Indigenous cultures numbers had no names beyond three, large-scale quantifying was still used in records and calculations through patterns and diagrams on rocks, trees, bark and message sticks. Many language groups in New South Wales developed base five number systems. Calculators for this were developed based on one-to-one correspondence, using materials such as honky nuts (like a disposable abacus system), and served to perform calculations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The Australian taxation is different for individuals, businesses and trusts etc.I suggest you visit the Australian Taxation Office website Home page and study various taxes like Income tax, Capital Gain Tax, Company Tax; also various levies like Medicare Levy etc.If you need full information then I suggest that you refer to Australian Master Tax Guide or contact Taxation Professional.
Do Australians measure in miles or Kilometers?
Australia uses the Metric system. Metrication in Australia took place between 1970 and 1988. Before then, Australia mostly used the imperial system for measurement, which the Australian colonies had inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988, imperial units were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with SI metric units, facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are now the sole legal units of measurement in Australia. Australia's largely successful transition to the metric system contrasts with the ongoing opposition to metrication in the United States and the United Kingdom.
It really depends on how much money is owed and who it is owed to!For example, if you owed $15,000 to Sharky “Hammerhead” Buzoli of the Bankstown Buzoli Biker Boys, I would seriously advise you to either pay back the debt before you left Australia or if you chose not to do so, make sure you went to a country where you could disappear and which does not have a Bankstown Buzoli Biker Boy presence or affiliate.I would also strongly advise you not to return to Australia again as they would be waiting for you.Now if you owed money for a parking or speeding ticket or some sort of government fine or cost…you could leave the country and probably be OK…you would not be pursued in your country of Residence or Birth but if not a Australian Citizen and one day wanted to return to Australia and required a Visa to do so…there is a chance you might be picked up as owing some money when they check your Visa Application.However, even if it does come up that you owe some money, you could easily say you were unaware of the charge/fine/penalty and be given a chance to pay the outstanding amount and still get a Visa.If you owe a large amount of Tax to the ATO and leave the country, depending on the amount and circumstances there is a good chance you will be pursued overseas and if not, if you ever returned to Australia almost certainly.For retail purchase payments or debt owed to a business or private person you would probably get away with it and be able to return without any real problems. Large Bank loan or Credit Card debt would probably be OK if you left and did not intend returning, but to decide to come back and stay you might have problems with opening a new bank account or getting a credit card , if your previous details and debt was still active…I’m not sure how tied up the Banks actually are with each other sharing data and working together.The best Advice?Try and work out a solution with the persons or people you owe money to, if it is at all possible. Debt can weigh heavy on a borrower’s mind and cause all sorts of long term effects and sometimes the consequences of an act can drag you down worse and for longer by not doing what is right initially.
Following the passing of the Australia Act in 1986 the uk and Australia agreed that the uk could not pass laws for Australia, could not be involved in the government of Australia and Australia's judicial link to the uk legal system for appeals was terminated.There remains a relic of the past with the Governor General as the Queens representative but this is largely a symbolic role. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth and the flag still bears the union Jack.If you asked an average Aussie one in 3 of which was born overseas or had a parent born overseas, Britain is largely irrelevant and might be a nice place to visit but you wouldn't want to live there.For those brits that make there way to Australia the reception they recieve may depend on what part of Britain they are from with the English receiving the brunt of the legacy of the fact that Australia started as a penal colony.
Corruption is not an all or nothing characteristic. It can happen in any system. A better question would be how Canada’s system compare to those in other countries.According to Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2006, Canada ranks 14th, just behind the UK, for corruption, out of 163 on the TI Corruption Perceptions Index.The fact that one man blames his troubles with the legal system on corruption is probably hyperbole and certainly anecdotal.Even if he’s right, his experience says nothing about the system as a whole, just those bits he dealt with.2006 is quite a while back. I’m sure TI has a more recent report but this was the first one to come up on Google.Let me know if you find a more recent source.
I wish I lived in America, can someone help?
I love your exuberance and your wishes to be somewhere else. Knowing your age, you cannot be very well travelled yet. To chose a place, based on TV programs and movies is just not possible. These media are all about entertainment and do not, even for one second, reflect on realities where they are made or pretend to represent. USA is one of the most misrepresented countries on earth. They produce tons of entertainment, but are very low on facts. You cannot even compare USA vs. Australia when it comes to quality of life. Australia has a government and a governing system, with its leaders elected from the people, acting in the best interest of the people. USA has a governing system populated by multimillionaires, making sure that all activities enrichen the rich. USA has a legal system that keeps 1.5 % of its entire population in jail at any given time, now too. Australia has a very small number of criminals bad enough to be put in prison. Americans are nice to talk to, but deep inside they are extremely selfish. They refuse to have a universal health care system because they don't care about their neighbour. Australia has universal health care for all. The educational system in USA heavily favours the already rich, with a university education often costing the student in the order of $ 60,000 per annum. Australia has almost free higher education. As a girl, your chances of being raped in the USA is 40 times GREATER (per capita) than in Australia. Why? Who can tell, but it is a fact that the Americans have a terrible record in that area. Also, there are almost as many guns as people in USA. They shoot three times as many as die in car accidents every year, 30,000 die from being shot. In Australia only the gang members have guns and you don't deal with them. In southern USA just about every car on the highway contains a gun somewhere. Suggestion: Study well, get a good sellable degree and get a good job in Australia. Then you can go to USA on vacation as often as you care to. Going on a student exchange is an excellent idea. You will meet some very nice people and also see, first hand the fear they have of each other and of the heavy hand of the law. Enjoy. .
Jonathan Lloyd's answer is right in essence. Our laws started with the British laws and many of our practices followed the British ones.But we have had specific difficulties that were unique. So many of the newer laws and practices reflect this. In the first 10-20 years, there was (in the order that they occur to me) the Communist threat in South East Asia, gangs running our streets, the drug trade in the country together with the fact that we were used as conduit for the drugs to other countries and the relatively low education level of the adult population of that time. These difficulties (and others I may not know of) forced us to make many changes.Just one example of the changes was the removal of the jury system and the revamp of the appeals system.New hurdles arrive so if you look at the legal system a decade from now, you may see less and less connection with the British model.I am not a lawyer myself but have worked in a law firm before and have many friends who are lawyers. They are the ones who may be able to answer this question better.