What does bipedalism mean?
Bipedalism = walking on two feet; bi = two, pedal = using feet Bipedalism appeared first in humans ("Lucy" was the first bipedal hominid) before larger brains did. Larger brains can even be thought of as a consequence of bipedalism. As our ancestors began to walk on two feet - they were able to exploit their environment better. Advantages of bipedalism: -more energy efficient -taller stature - more intimidating to other animals -*upper limbs free to carry babies, gather food, make tools* The freeing of the upper limbs allowed them to evolve to perform a different function in humans - manipulation. This allowed our ancestors to make stone tools. These stone tools were used to extract bone marrow (nutrient-rich food found inside bones) which were previously inaccessible (tools needed to break the hard bone to get at the red marrow inside). This nutrient-rich bone marrow contributed to increasing brain size in our ancestors. Thus, bipedalism appeared first and larger brains can be thought of as a result of bipedalism.
Does it make sense to start medical school now, in the era of AI?
If you want to be a physician, then the short answer is almost definitely yes. It doesn’t make sense to give up on being a doctor just because of recent breakthroughs in machine learning.However, it would still be interesting to unpack your question, so lets do that.The underlying assumption in your question is that machine learning, and more likely artificial general intelligence (AGI) is going to soon replace doctors. Lets break that down even further:Is AI/Machine learning going to replace human doctors soon? Highly unlikely. Most (if not all) of the recent breakthroughs in machine learning have been in narrow artificial intelligence (you can think of this as teaching the machine to do one thing, very very well). Because we cannot simply break down the job of a doctor into discrete components that can then be built into a machine learning pipeline, it seems unlikely machines are going to replace doctors anytime soon. Of course, there have been recent breakthroughs in machine learning, such as in the diagnosis of disease, where machines preform extremely well, sometimes even better than human experts. Therefore, we seem to be nearing a time where machines and human doctors will work hand-in-hand. Projects like IBM’s Watson Health are early players in this space. Conclusion: we still need doctors.Is AI/Machine learning going to replace human doctors eventually? A rather difficult question to answer. In order for this to happen, we must first achieve AGI in the first place. Again, its important to note that current AI is narrow: very good at one specific task. Some experts even disagree as to whether or not we will ever achieve AGI. Even if AGI is achieved, it remains to be seen how comfortable patients will be interacting with a non-human doctor. Of course, the answer to this second question is impossible to get at, and all we can do is speculate.Hopefully that answer was not too long-winded. I think if you simply read up on the recent breakthroughs in the field of machine learning, and on some of its experts feelings about AGI, you will see we are still a long ways off from replacing human doctors with machines (if ever at all).
Will machines replace humans? If yes, when?
No machines can never replace human beings.Human beings may not be perfect in everything but humans are the ones who make machines. Naturally, that makes them more efficient than machines as the vice versa is not possible.Human beings take decisions based on memories of events which have occurred in the past, in other words they make decision on the basis of the experiences they have had. Machines are incapable of this quality which makes human beings unique and at the same time superior to them.Other things is adaptability n response to sudden unknown outcome which humans with the use ot their intelligence n wisdom can do but machine will do for what it is prepared for and that is too by us..and number of sudden unknown outcomes nobody can predict.. For that human mind is required.There is small video of Tennis Game between Man vs Machine.
Is it possible for humans to live forever?
In principle, yes. I agree with the other answers. When we age our cells are replaced (except neurons) at various rates. Skin cells and cells in the gut quite frequently, some even within a few days. The cell time-glass is the telomer, attached to the ends of the DNA. It gets shorter for every cell division. Length vary with type of cell. On average, I believe it is about every 7 years you are a new person. So why are the new cells contributing to increased ageing? Why do our skin cells produce wrinkles when they are no older than a second grader? This tells that they are programmed to do this - programmed to making us look older, as if ageing wasn’t bad enough in itself. You can probably find explanation in evolution for this.Since we start out as one cell, dividing, 1–2–4–8-…, all information must be contained in every cell, and the cell must know where it is. This means, if we can decode the information in just one cell, i.e. the program, we can in theory reprogram it. It is already started. See (CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing: A New Era in Molecular Biology)We will know much more as soon as we get rid of various cancers.But forever? Still you could die of new illnesses, accidents, in war, …I believe we will be able to decode or use the program to our advantage without fully understanding it, by (quantum?) computers, and probably enable a 10-fold increase in current maximum lingevity (~120years) as has recently been proposed (someone alive today will live till 1000 ).I think it is more likely that we find a way to clone ourselves (including memory). Seen from the outside, it will be the same person. The hard question is; will the copy be me? Can my conscience be transferred?It seems, since neurons do not divide, that here lies my consciousness. So I am my neurons. How many do I need to still be me?There will definitely be experiments on cloning and replacing neurons, because some diseases destroy people’s personalities, and we would like to have them back. If we can do this, we might just as well transfer the neurons (depends on ethics) to a baby or someone, even an animal (or computer) we have cloned without neurons. Then ‘we’ will live forever.
How did technological development shape human history from 12,000 bc to 15 century?
what was invented? roads, ( easier transportation of goods + war) deep ocean boats ( new worlds) just off the top of my head