In the landmark case of Marbury vs. Madison, what might have been the ultimate result for the legistlative?
The MvM decision made Legislative actions subject to review by a judiciary charged with enforcing the Constitution foundation of all US law. It raised the Constitution from an agreement between confederates to the charter by which all States must derive their individual laws. It created the methodology of electoral review for the creation of Constitutional amendments, and created the checks and balance system between the executive, judicial and legislative branches. Otherwise, one would have dominated another (as they would in a monarchy or oligarchy). Here is a easy to understand discussion of it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbury_v._... Thanks for an intelligent question.
"have been having" vs "have had" ?
Have been having is the present perfect continuous tense and have had is the present perfect simple tense. Both say the same thing, but the continuous tense emphasizes the action while the simple tense emphasizes the result of the action. So for your car example, the first sentence doesn't sound correct because owning something isn't a continuous action such as talking or driving. In the headache example, the continuous form emphasizes the action of having a headache, and the audience is ready to hear about the experience during that two week period. The present form emphasizes some implied result of having a head for so long, and the audience is ready to hear what the result is for a two week long headache. However, in most cases either tense is acceptable and only their implications are different.
Athens vs Sparta?
We have been tought at school that Athens had been the spiritual, scientific and artistic city state while Sparta had been brave but rude, naif, and everything matching with a military regime, as if people lived only in the barracks. This is absolutely false. Because Sparta gave rise to a significant spiritual and artistic creativity, which lacked the quantity and quality of the Athenean one, but it was all civilians' possession. In Sparta there have been cultivated the "art" of law and justice, epic poetry, sculpture and architecture, and the ideals of freedom and pride. We have a very wrong immage about Sparta's everyday life: Spartans had a skill in gymnastics, but at the same time they loved to be clean using water (instead of sand that Atheneans used), their cuisine was not complicated but there was no hunger (as with the poor classes of Athens), there were no gaps of difference in the way of life of people (as in Athens), and the most important of all: Women had their own rights and ejoyed ahigh level of freedom. They had civil rights (entitled to inherite and obtain property), they were not resticted in the private compartment of the house (Gynaikonitis), they sould go wherever they wanted to with no restrictions, and they could exercise their bodies at the stadiums of Sparta, wearing short dresses and thus called Phainomirides (because their thighs were in public view) by the rest of Greeks, especially Atheneans who kept their women imprisoned in the house and they were allowed to go out escorted by a slave and always covered with a burgha kind of vail. Definately Sparta where liberte' , egalite' et fraternite' have been first invented...
I had studied vs I have studied?
'I have studied Math for two years' means 'I studied Math sometime in the past and is still continuing up to this present moment'. 2nd sentence is not grammatical. Don't know how to explain though... sorry =p 'I had been studying Math for two years' would sound more correct if you were refering to the first of two past related activities. E.g. 'I had been studying Math for two years (1st past activity) before I came to realise I should have studied literature instead (2nd past related activity)'. Just 'I studied Math for two years' would suffice if you have graduated and the study is a completed activity in the past. Hope this is helpful. Cheers!
Women that have been induced vs having a natural labor?
i had a great experience. went in already 4CM dilated and about 50% effaced. got all checked in, my doc saw me and broke my water and started the pictocin. then when i felt ready (about 15 min later) i got the epidural. i went in dilated enough for it, and they said they could do it immediately since i was "committed" to delivering (meaning with the water broke i had to deliver that day). when you go into labor on your own they make you wait in case its not progressing and they have to send you home for a bit. so got all drugged up and hung out watching tv. i delivered 5 hours later, and only felt a little pressure but it didn't hurt at all. i had no tearing and it took about 2 more hours for the epidural to wear off so i could go to my new room (where id be for 2-3 days). the worst part, they had to keep the continuous monitor on, so no walking and had to get a cath. right away since i wasn't allowed to walk to the potty. and they don't let you eat, in case something goes wrong and they have to do an emergency C-section. so after 6 hours with no food i was hungry. after delivery i forgot all about the hunger because then i was so happy and tired. very pleasant experience. i like to not that the doctors and nurses were all wonderful too. ive heard some stories about bigger busier hospitals having not so good staff, so i like to attribute my good experience to them too.
How to use 'has/have been' and 'had been' correctly?
1)Past /Present Perfect Continuous tense Present perfect continuous Tense – has been/have been Past Perfect Continuous Tense – had been Joyce has been reading for two hours. This means she started reading two hours ago and is still continuing to read. We use 'has been/have been' for an action which began in the past and is still continuing. Joyce: "I have been reading for two hours. I need a rest now." We use 'has been/have been' for an action which began in the past and is just completed. The boys have been playing hockey for about an hour when it started to rain. We use 'had been' for an action which began in the past and did not continue/did not just complete/something else happened. He said that he had been writing for the last half hour. We use 'had been' to replace 'has been/have been' in indirect speech. (Indirect speech – he said that, Joyce said that….) 2)Has/Have been ~pp vs had been~pp The movie has been broadcasted twenty times. The movie has been broadcasted twenty times in a year. The movie has been broadcasted twenty times the past year. We use 'has/have been' to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. You CANNOT use 'has/have been' with yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use 'has/have been' with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, so far, already, yet, the past year, this week. NOTE: "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means exactly a year ago. "In the last year" means from a year ago to now. Hence 'in the last year', 'this week' etc is not considered a specific time. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because my wallet had been stolen.. By the time Alex came home, the mess had been cleared by his sister. 'Had been' expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. He said that the wallet had been stolen. 'Had been' can be used with indirect speech as well, regardless whether there is a specific time given or not.
"My legs were sore..." This says simply that this occurred at some point in the past. As part of a past tense narrative, it refers to that moment in the story at which the statement is made, e.g. "On Friday evening..." or "When we returned from the hike....""My legs had been sore..." This says that at some point in the past the soreness was an ongoing condition. As part of a past tense narrative, it refers to a period of time up until the moment in which the statement is made, e.g. "By Friday evening, my legs had been sore all week," or "When we returned, I realized that my legs had been sore throughout the entire hike."Both constructions are past tense, but "had been" implies ongoing action, whereas "were" says merely that it happened at an unspecified time and is now over.