Please answer these biology questions about dna sequence/ genes?
1) Interspersed Repetitive DNA: Interspersed repetitive DNA accounts for 25–40 % of mammalian DNA.The repeats of interspersed repetitive DNA are not found next to each other as in tandemly repetitive DNA. They are scattered randomly throughout the genome. The units are hundreds to thousands of base pairs long. Their copies are similar but not identical to each other. Famous example: Alu elements 300 base pairs long They can be transcribed, but the function, if any, is not known. Interspersed Repetitive DNA comprise 5 % of human genome Proportion: Proportion of mammalian DNA should be 25–40 % Length of each repeated unit must be around 100–10 000 base pairs Number of repetitions per genome: 10–1 million 3) Pseudogenes: Pseudogenes are DNA sequences that are similar to real genes, but lack the regulatory sequences necessary for gene expression (e.g. promoters). 2) ==>Hemoglobin is a qua-ternary protein comprised of four tertiary sub-units: -Two α-globins -Two β-globins ==>Hypothesis: one ancestral globin gene -Duplication: the ancestral globin was duplicated, producing two copies in the genome. -Mutation: each gene mutated, producing two slight variations: alpha and beta. -Transposition: one gene moved to another chromosome via a transposon. -Duplication and mutations: The α and β genes undergo further duplication's and mutations. More viable variations are produced. Pseudogenes are produced. Diagram is attached below.
Answer for these questions!?
1. How are the theories fo gradualism and punctuated equilibria similar? How are they different? 2. What information does a homologous sstructurereveal? 3. How do you think amino acid sequences in the proteins of the species close to one another would compare? Why? 4. What do the DNA fossils reveal? 5. Will the ability to extract DNA from fossils mean that scientists will no longer have to compare living thing species in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships?
Some questions about DNA?
The basic structure of DNA in every organism (which have DNA) is exactly same, all have basic sugar-phosphate backbone. So whenever we're talking about DNA, this means its nitrogenous base. A nucleic acid sequence (or DNA sequence) is just a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule (from wikipedia). And yes DNA have 4 nucleotides i.e. Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C). RNA also contain 4 nucleotides but instead of thymine, it has Uracil (U). While we've those basic 4 bases, we also have some derivative nitrogenous bases like inosine etc. And yes it's all about sequence. A single change (point mutation) can cause disastrous effect (read about sickle cell anemia). But again these small changes (like SNPs) makes you, you, and me, me. These DNA sequence changes (like I said, sugar-phosphate backbone structure remain same in every organism) are also important if you look at evolutionary point of view. This topic (molecular evolution) is so interesting !! Read these wikipedia articles for more info. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequenc... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_e...
Question about DNA sequence?
This is simply insufficient information. I cannot tell you because no single nucleotide determines which amino acid is inserted into a polypeptide strand. What would be needed is the three bases in one triplet code. If the point mutation occurred in the final one of the three bases in the triplet there may be no affect on the protein structure. Even the change of one base can still put the same amino acid in the strand as th genetic code is degenerate. It may even replace one amino acid will a similar one, e.g. one basic amino acid swapped for another basic amino acid, so the strand may fold the same and not affect the protein. Alternatively, it may alter the protein's structure with little effect or with major effects.
AP Biology Question: DNA sequences and fingerprinting?
1. During DNA fingerprinting, we are comparing different sizes of DNA. Each person will have different sized fragments because every person has extremely unique sequences of noncoding DNA called RFLPs or Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms. These are different, so when using a single restriction enzyme, in each person, it will cut in a different spot, making fragments of a unique length. These RFLPs are inherited to some extent, so this one way that paternity tests can be done. 2. The differences in similar DNA are those non coding RFLPs. They allow a species that has the same DNA to be told apart. The RFLPs are the DNA "fingerprint"
Can someone help me answer these biology questions for a study guide?
1.Each chromosome has a ____________, a point of constriction containing certain repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins A DNA strand B centromere C synapse D node 2. What would you expect to happen if the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) failed to ubiquitinate securin? A The cohesin complex will be destroyed, and the cell will remain in metaphase. BThe cohesin complex will persist, preventing the cell from entering anaphase. C Separase will be marked for degradation by securin, preventing the cell from entering anaphase. D Inhibition of separase will be lifted, allowing securin to destroy cohesin and preventing the cell from entering anaphase. 5. If the centrioles are mispositioned in the cell, a functional mitotic spindle will fail to form. In this situation, how will chromosome segregation be affected? A All of the chromosomes will go to one of the daughter cells. B Microtubules will not attach to the kinetochores. C Sister chromatids will not be divided equally among daughter cells. D The sister chromatids will be pulled apart and equally divided among daughter cells 6. Which of the following is not a checkpoint for cell cycle control in a eukaryotic cell? A G2/M B MFP C spindle D G1/S 8. You are studying cell cycle progression in yeast cells. If you could prevent cdc2 from associating with mitotic cyclin, the cells would A. arrest in G2. B. arrest in M. C.arrest in S. D arrest in G1.
How do you write a DNA sequence?
With all the Azote basesAdenine -thymine -guanine - cytosineA-T are complementarC-G are complementar
How do you convert DNA sequences to RNA?
The double stranded DNA is converted into mRNA by a process called TRANSCRIPTION. In this process a "transcription unit" in DNA is chosen which has the following regions : 1) A promoter 2) The structural gene 3) A terminator Now, an enzyme called "DNA dependent RNA polymerase" catalyses the polymerisation in only one direction i.e., 5'----3'. Therefore the strand with the polarity 3'----5' gets transcribed as it is exactly opposite to the direction in which the enzyme codes. Now, an "initiation factor" binds to the promoter region of the transcription unit and it starts the transcription process. Here only one strand acts as a template because if the two strands code for the transcription process it would result in coding for 2 m RNA molecules with different sequences. Hence one segement of the DNA would be coding for two different proteins(this comes after the translation process is completed). Further the two m RNA molecules would be complementary to each other and there fore become double stranded and thus the process becomes a futile one. The DNA dependent RNA polymerase some how facilitates the opening of the helix and continues "elongation". Once the polymerase reaches the termination region, it binds to the "termination factor" and completes the process of transcription. THIS IS IN THE CASE OF BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION.In eukaryotes a process called "splicing" is required because the hn RNA(heterogeneous nuclear RNA.That's what we call it before splicing.) has some non functional genes (cistrons) called "introns" which interrupt the "exons" (functional genes). These introns are removed by splicing. Another two processes called capping and tailing are required in addition to splicing to make it into a complete m RNA which is eligible for TRANSLATION. This is required in all eukaryotes.
Biology DNA questions... Please help!?
I got this worksheet and I'm a little confused on how to answer these questions. Could any of you please help me? 1) "There are 6 billion bases in each of your cells! That is a huge number. Recall that just counting to 1 billion would take 32 years! Between you and a chimpanzees you share about 95% of your DNA. How many letters would that be that you share?" Question is, how do I solve it? Is it asking to take 95% of 6 billion...? 2) "Could two humans (or two cows) have some differences in their DNA sequences for insulin, yet still make the exact same insulin proteins? Explain." Yeah- I'm confused by the question. Thanks SO much in advance to those who answer!
How do I sequence a DNA? What is the next step when you have sequenced a DNA?
There isn’t just “A DNA” DNA is in genes which are carried on chromosomes contained in the nucleus of the cell. They have machines that sequence DNA these days. The principals behind it are complicated. After you have sequenced a gene you can compare it to other like genes or use it to make whatever protein the gene was coding for.If you are interested ask your science teacher for a book on Molecular Biology for beginners. Or go on Amazon or Google it.