What are the advantages of numerical protective relay when compared with other types?
The advantages are - - because the basic hardware is shared between multiple functions, the cost of individual protection functions can be reduced significantly. - if a protection function can be described analytically, it can be incorporated in digital protection. Older technologies were limited to providing only those protection functions for which an electromechanical analog could be designed. - digital protection can be physically smaller, and almost always requires less panel wiring than equivalent functions implemented using analog technology. But there is another side to the coin - - digital technology offers the option of more functionality, and greater precision. Unfortunately, that does not necessarily translate into better protection. - digital technology can make faster decisions. However, in the real world, faster protection itself is of no value because circuit breakers are sill required to interrupt at the direction of the protective equipment, and the ability to make circuit breakers interrupt faster is very limited. - digital protection often relies on non-proprietary software, exposing the system to potential risk of hacking. Traditional analog protection was secure from anything but the most crude forms of intrusion (basically, the only way to damage it was to attack it with a hammer) - digital protection sometimes has exposure to externally-sourced transient interference that would not affect conventional technology. - digital protection shares common functions. This means that there are common failure modes that can affect multiple elements of protection. For example, failure of a power supply or an input signal processor may disable an entire protective device that provides many different protection functions. This problem has receive a lot of design attention, and experience generally has supported the notion that the equipment has a very high reliability once it is past the infant mortality stage. But it remains something to be aware of.
What is the use of an external crystal oscillator in microcontroller? I read that we have to give a certain voltage to an external clock to excite it. Should I give a constant voltage to it?
Make sure you know the difference between an oscillator and a crystal.An oscillator is a device that can give you a clock at a certain frequency given a constant voltage.One part of the oscillator is a crystal that is basically a very good filter.Most microcontrollers only require a crystal because they contain all other parts of an oscillator already. In these cases, just hook up the crystal pins to the XTAL (or whatever they are called) pins on the microcontroller, and add the load capacitances from the pins to ground. Do not supply any external voltage.
What is the necessity of a filter in a rectifier circuit?
We know that rectifiers are used to convert AC to DC, but not a pure DC. There would be considerable AC component in their output, called ‘ripple’, in addition to the desired d.c. component.Most sophisticated electronic systems need pure DC supply to drive, or power them. To construct a good power supply which gives pure DC output, we need to remove or filter out the AC component from the output of rectifiers.The output from these rectifiers with Ripple components, is fed to filter circuits so that the output from the filter is pure DC.Fig : AC to DCMost commonly used filter types are:Capacitor filterSeries inductor filterChoke input filterπ-filterRC filter.Thanks 4 A2A…!!Venkata Kusumitha
Can I replace a 1/2 watt resistor with a 1 watt resistor?
The 1 watt resistor should be fine as long as there is room for it. The wattage rating is how much power the resistor can handle without damage, not the amount it will generate. It should generate the same amount of heat since the resistance is the same, the voltage and currents flowing through it should be the same, so the power will be the same.
My device is a Sous vide cooker with electrical ratings 110V 60hz 800W and I want to use it in 240V 50 Hz 800W. HOW?
You're basically saying you want to use a US sous vide rig on European/Australian power, right?It's doable but not easy. You need a big ass transformer which is rated to handle the peak draw of the cooker - so 800W. You could try to get away with something less, but there's a reasonable chance you'll consistently blow the fuse on your transformer. An 800-100w transformer will weigh several kilos and probably cost you in the order of $70-80 Us if you shop around, but there's no way around it. Once you've got one, wire it to the power socket, wire the sous vide to it and away you go. Everything will work normally. Take a look on ebay for cheap second hand transformers, since the ones I've seen on amazon don't appear to cover those kinds of wattages.
As a chicken grows from an egg, it becomes ordered with time.Does this violate the principle of entropy?
No. The entropy is not the physical ordering of the chicken, it is the amount of disorder and destruction the chicken introduces to its surroundings as it grows. The excess of the energy absorbed by the chicken while it lives is returned after the chicken dies.
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