Find the Wavelength of light that can break the bonds?
first, the bond energy is in kJ / mole of bonds.. convert that to energy per bond.... then energy per photon. 339 kJ / mole x (1 mole / 6.022x10^23 bonds) x (1000 J / kJ) = 5.63x10^-19 J / bond = 5.63x10^-19 J / photon 498 kJ / mole x (1 mole / 6.022x10^23 bonds) x (1000 J / kJ) = 8.23x10^-19 J / bonds = 8.23x10^-19 J / photon J / bond = J / photon since 1 photon will be absorbed by 1 bond to break that bond. ***** next, use E = ħc / λ where E = energy per photon ħ = plancks constant = 6.626x10^-34 J s c = speed of light = 3.00x10^8 m/s λ = wavelength.. E = ħc / λ rearranging λ = ħc / E for C-Cl... λ = (6.626x10^-34 J s) x (3.00x10^8 m/s) / (5.63x10^-19 J) = 3.53x10^-7 m = 353x10^-9 m = 353 nm...this is uv light... for O2... λ = (6.626x10^-34 J s) x (3.00x10^8 m/s) / (8.23x10^-19 J) = 2.42x10^-7 m = 242x10^-9 m = 242 nm...this is also uv light...
Is phosphorus covalent molecular or network?
The answer depends on which form (allotrope) of phosphorus you are talking about. If you heat phosphorus high enough to sublime it (in a vacuum apparatus), when it condenses, it is the allotrope known as white phosphorus. White phosphorus is a molecular solid with P₄ molecules. If you shine UV radiation (even sunlight or fluorescent lights for extended periods of time) on white phosphorus, it will convert to red phosphorus in which at least one P–P bond in the P₄ tetrahedron is broken and P–P bonds between the tetrahedra form to give a network solid. If you heat red phosphorus under pressure or in the presence of catalysts, the most stable allotrope, black phosphorus, forms. It is another network solid (see the wiki link). All these forms are covalent - in white phosphorus the covalent bonds form a molecular structure; the other forms are networks of covalent bonds.
Why is the greenhouse effect caused by molecules with polar bonds?
Good question. The majority of atmospheric gases, N2 and O2 are non-polar diatoms and consequentially mean that they are not IR-active. In the IR spectrum, the molecule absorbs only if it has a vibrational mode. Symmetrical diatoms like N2 and O2 will have rotational modes but no vibrational modes since there isn’t a change in the dipole movementExample of a vibrational mode: Antisymmetrical Stretching[1]However, non-linear, non-symmetrical molecules like CO2, CH4, and H2O do have vibrational modes and will absorb light in the IR spectrum. Note there is a small window from 200 nm-800 nm which comprises of the visible spectrum. Gases like Ozone also absorb the UV and higher frequency light. But for the most part, a huge band of sunlight gets absorbed in the IR spectrum and that comprises of the greenhouse gases and as mentioned, that only occurs when the molecule can exhibit vibrational modes.IR spectra of various greenhouse gases. Units are um.[2]Footnotes[1] Infrared spectroscopy[2] Properties - American Chemical Society
Which gas helps to protect earth from the ultraviolet rays of the sun?
It is Ozone O3The Ozone layer is found at an altitude of 20–30 km from the surface of the earth Here its density is more It was discovered by French physicists Charles Fabry and Henry Woodson in1913 The process of formation of Ozone layer was discovered Sydney ChapmanUltra violet rays coming from the sun are harmful to the livingbeingsGenerally these UVrays are absorbed by the Ozone layer There are three types of UV raysUV A, UV B and UV CUV A rays can pass through Ozone layer and reach the earth but they are less harmfulUV B RAYS are harmful to skin and can cause cancer they are absorbed in the Ozone layer to large extentU V C RAYS are very dangerous forliving beingsThus the Ozone layer protects the earth from the UV Rays coming from the sun
Why don't we get sun burned easier in the arctic rather than near the equator?
Your argument has holes... The ozone layer of our planet consists of *air*, with ozone increased to about 9 ppm, and spread out over tens of kilometers of atmosphere. When the pole does not get sunlight to make ozone, then it also does not get UV to get sunburned with. Not all the ozone dissociated by absorbing energetic radiation reconstitutes as ozone. Contaminants play a part in this too. There are plenty of ozone and O scavengers up there. The pole gets UV-C to make ozone in the summer, and ozone diffuses in from areas closer to the equator too. Oxygen is not currently in short supply. Oxygen diffuses in from adjacent areas, such that you cannot detect any sort of gradient. If you look at the map of the southern ozone hole, you'll see before it forms up, that ozone concentrations are actually higher just before the hole forms. In patches anyway. ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov The equator is actually missing quite a bit of ozone, due to updrafts of water vapor forced against and through the protective thermocline. I hope some of that helps...
Why do alkanes require UV light to undergo substitution reaction?
Alkanes are generally very stable, relatively inert molecules.However, when a mixture of an alkane and a halogen such as chlorine or bromine is exposed to UV light, substitution reactions occur, forming haloalkanes. The reason that this kind of reaction is possible is because the UV light causes some of the bonds within the halogen molecules to break, forming very reactive halogen atoms called ‘free radicals’. These radicals, unlike most other things, are reactive enough to break the C-H bonds in the alkane at room temperature.The type of reaction which occurs is called a ‘radical chain reaction’ and is very rapid and violent.This link explains in more detail:Initiation, Propagation, Termination
How is the boiling point of H2O2 greater than H2O? H2O2 decomposes even in the presence of sunlight which is a low temperature while water doesn't decompose in that low temperature.
Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the anomalous behaviour of water, including the temperature at which water boils. The hydrogen bonding is a consequence of the polarity of the O-H entity with the hydrogen pulling (O) electrons towards it thereby putting water molecules into a chemical straightjacket that resists conversion to the gas phase, hence the high bp of 100 C.If you look at the formula of H2O2 you have two OH groups joined together by an O-O bond. This means that you have increased the hydrogen bonding capacity of the H2O2 over that of water, to produce a liquid that boils at a higher temperature (252 C) due to the potential of each molecule being associated with up to 6 other hydrogen bonded molecules (each O atom can form up to two hydrogen bonds).The peroxide bond is a powerful oxidising agent making it unstable in the presence of a combustible material or metals and their compounds that catalyse its decomposition. To stabilise the concentrated hydrogen peroxide other chemicals are added. It is also stabilised by storing the peroxide as a dilute aqueous solution.
How do photons from the sun give kinetic energy to oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere so they can move?
Every molecule on earth exchanges energy with molecules around it. The ultimate source of energy is radiation from the sun - photons that are absorbed in the atmosphere, by the oceans, by plants, by rock, by soil, even by by you and your clothes when you are outdoors, even on a cold day. Ultimately, molecules in the atmosphere get energy from interactions with other molecules and also from direct interactions with those incoming photons."...Exchanges energy with molecules around it," doesn't make the temperature the same everywhere, since the sun only shines on one side of the earth at a time and other processes (IR radiation, evaporative cooling, ...) cool some places more than others.
Why does bromine water decolourise when it reacts with cyclohexene?
Good question! It's not just Cyclohexene, but ALL Alkene molecules that decolourise when they react with Bromine water. Alkenes contain a C=C double bond and thus we call them "unsaturated hydrocarbons". Bromine (Br2) breaks this C=C double bond and attaches itself to the Alkene molecule, forming an Alkane. Because the Bromine is no longer in its elemental form, it cannot be seen as that distinctive brown colour.
Aquatic ecosystems are harmed primarily through: ?
a) deposition of particulates c) mercury bonding with water molecules d) photochemical reactions of water and sunlight e) deposition of acid rain b is wrong from what i know but in case there was a mistake in the scantron, the answer choice says "radon gas dissolving in water"