How much does it really cost to manufacture a pair of levis jeans?
What Your Jeans Would Cost If No One Died to Make Them —According to one industry expert I talked to, it takes $4 in just fabric to make jeans in Bangladesh. And if minimum wage in Bangladesh for garment workers is $68 per month, and if sewers work for 50 hours a week, and jeans take about 45 minutes to sew, labor costs would only be about 45 cents per jean. Cool! $4.45 jeans sound great…but that doesn’t include rivets, zippers, factory overhead (such as making sure machines have safety features, the rooms have ventilation, and workers are being treated humanely), washing, finishing, distressing, shipping, tariffs, store overhead, marketing, and all the other sundries that go into getting jeans into your hands. “When I walk into [a store] and I see a pair of jeans for $4.99, I scratch my head because I have no idea of how they do it,” Ron Balatbat, head designer at AG Jeans, told me last year. Amie Gaines, head designer at Level 99 Jeans said that you can’t go below $25 or $20 and have jeans that are made without the risk of exploiting and endangering workers. So, unless these cheap jeans are sold at a loss to the retailer, or it’s on markdown at a consignment shop, $20 is the presumptive minimum ethical threshold for jeans.
How much a branded jeans actually cost at manufacturing plant itself ?
I mostly agree with Mohit Dandwani except for a few things:Good/premium quality stitch will never cost you ₹100. Those "Heavy Bone Pocket Pattern" with lots of Rib/Fabric/Lace etc may cost you ₹100 but The Branded Jeans usually are Simple-5-Pocket jeans (although back pockets have very basic pattern/design) they don't really cost that much unless stitching labour is from some high per capita Income Country. At least in India it will never cost this much.Wash/Tear and other Designs :Simple Mud Wash/Stone Wash/ can be achieved for less than 50-60 rupees. Tearing and Whiskers and all are some what more expensive but not as much as mentioned in Mohit's answer.Brands can use Chinese Labels to reduce costs also Chinese Rivets and Belts are used they are really really cheap some basic Rivets can cost less than ₹1 if bought in bulk!Other packaging expenses might cost ₹50 but it's also difficult.Conclusion: Branded Jean can cost ₹100 less than What Mohit has estimated (ie near about ₹450) if all the process from converting piece of fabric to a packaged Jean is done by a single firm. Cost can reduce even more if the whole process is done under a single roof.Source: I am a manufacturer of Men's Jeans (I have Stitching + Wash/Dye/Tearing etc Factories and a wholesale shop)
How to make a jersey fit better? please answer! 10 points!?
For jerseys containing at least 10% cotton, there is an easy way to remedy this problem. Usually after the initial wash cycle the jersey shrinks about one size. In order to further shrink the jersey you may need to repeat steps multiple times. Please note, jerseys made out of 100% synthetics, such as polyester or nylon will not shrink. Instructions 1. Place the jersey in an empty washing machine; do not put any other articles of clothing in the wash. 2. Add laundry detergent and set the water temperature to Hot. If the jersey is made with a high percentage (greater than 20%) of cotton you might want to hand wash the jersey in hot water in order to control the rate of shrinkage. 3. Place the jersey in the dryer and set the cycle to High/Hot. If the jersey has a high percentage of cotton, let it air dry
What are the steps to DNA replication? ?
Because the DNA molecule is twisted over on itself, the first step in replication is to unwind the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds. This is accomplished by an enzyme called helicase. The exposed DNA strands now form a y-shaped replication fork. DNA replication begins at specific sites called origins of replication. Because the DNA helix twists and rotates d uring replication, another class of enzymes called topoisomerase cuts and rejoins the helix to prevent tangling. The enzyme that performs the actual addition of nucleotides alongside the naked strand is DNA Polymerase. But DNA Polymerase can only add to the 3' inch end so to start off at 5' it needs RNA primer--short strand of RNA nucleotides. Once those are done, one strand called the leading strand are added continuously by DNA polymerase. The other strand---lagging strand---is made discontinuously by Okazaki fragments. These fragments are eventually linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to produce a continuous strand. Finally, hydrogen bonds form between the new base pairs, leaving two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. But when DNA is replicated, we don't end up with two entirely new molecules. Each new molecule has half of the original molecule. This is called "semiconservative." In short, here are the steps in concise form: 1. Helicase unwinds our double helix into two strands. 2. Polymerase adds nucleotides to an existing strand. 3. Ligase brings together the Okazaki fragments. 5. Topoisomerase cuts and rejoins the helix. 6. RNA primase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers.