What Does Indigenous Land Management Mean

What does ecology of bureaucracy mean?

Ecology is the study  of relationship between natural elements of environments ,(such as:native plant life,native animals,and native indigenous tribes descended peoples).bureaucracy is the lower level organizations which execute needed various duties ,but bureaus are surbordinate below an executive branch of government’s cabinet level departments,which oversees executive bureaus and commands bureaus’ duties,for public’s safety;will of executive department heads and chief executive officers;emergency events;etc.example:a political state’s national department of interior ‘s bureau of land management is responsible for protection of all natural ecological systems on national owned lands,publicly accessed lands,native lands,even private owned land(whether requested or non request).

How come Aboriginals in Australia did not advance into an agricultural society?

Evidence documented by Europeans (the Portuguese, French and British) about Aboriginal Australian agriculture, husbandry, aquaculture and architecture prior to direct contact with Europeans includes: villages of round houses (chimney in the centre) situated nearby fish and eel farms constructed of stone, along the coast in eastern, western, northern and southern Australia. Houses and large community halls built of timber and reinforced by clay (cement) throughout Australia. Crops of yam where the earth was ploughed by hand during harvesting of the yams, which were dried and ground for flour and used to make bread (and it’s scientifically proven that Aboriginal Australians were making bread thousands of years before the Egyptians learned to do it). Other crops were rice (native Australian rice), native ‘wheat’ (kangaroo grass) grown as crops and harvested; the wheat ground to make bread. Dried seeds were stored in skin containers and placed in hollow trees and caves. Crop seeds were traded and transported to remote locations and replanted in different areas. Fish farms abounded not only on the coasts but also inland, connected to rivers, and fish were also transported to different lakes and those other areas were successfully stocked with fish. When kangaroo were to be harvested, fences and corrals were built of brushwood for herding kangaroo into an area where the males were killed to feed whole tribes who had come together for the feast. Stone fences were built. Stone terraces were built. Nets were constructed over rivers, where birds (e.g. magpie geese) were trapped for food. All these examples and many others of agriculture and related ways to grow and harvest food are documented in Dark Emu, by Bruce Pascoe. All the evidence comes from letters and reports by the European explorers and settlers who stayed in those houses and witnessed all that agriculture and aquaculture going on, before those fish farms, crops and buildings were then destroyed by those Europeans as part of their war against Aboriginal people. For more information about this book by Bruce Pascoe, read: Refreshing Australian history

Did Native Americans have any wars over land ownership?

Constantly.Not formal “ownership,” such as a legal struggle over specific boundaries, so much as existential, genocidal struggles to wipe out a neighboring tribe to take its resources (including the land). Note that such warfare is normal human behavior for most of history; I am not picking on American Indian tribes.Here is an example. Two allied tribes were trespassing on Crow land. The Crow had made a treaty with a more powerful group, and that group agreed to drive out the allied tribes. The Crow actively participated, and the allied tribes were eventually defeated and driven off, although it was a brutal campaign with major setbacks that led to the death of a well-known war leader of that more powerful group in an early battle they lost. That war leader's name was “Custer.”A major factor in the US “winning the west" was the fact that the tribes were mostly hostile to each other, and the US Army exploited that ruthlessly.This is hardly unique to the US. The Spanish used it to overthrow the Aztecs and the Incas. The English used it in Ireland, and later (now as “the British”) in India. The Russians used it to take Siberia, and lots of folks used it on the Kurds. Large states take over small tribal societies. That is the real world.