How long has our current atmosphere been in place?
Scientists estimate the atmosphere was fully formed 3.8 billion years ago, then consisting of carbon dioxide, sulfur, nitrogen and argon.
Why are renewable resources important? How are they used?
Renewable resources are important for a number of key reasons:1. They don't further deplete non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels.One day, obtainable fossil fuel resources will run out. If we aren't ready with alternative fuel supplies by then, the human populations of this planet will suffer (no fuel for heating means people will get cold; no fuel for power generation means our entire global infrastructure will fail - virtually everything runs on electricity; the inability to process food means people not living directly off the land will starve).2. They don't usually release unsustainable levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.Man made climate change is almost universally agreed to be due to the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) largely for heating, power generation and transportation, and because these fuels release carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the atmosphere when burnt. In a nutshell, CO2 acts like a blanket, insulating the planet, and excessive concentrations allow less heat to escape into space than is generated on the surface from incident sunlight. The net effect is a gradual, global warming.3. They don't place undue stress on the environment or indigenous populations.An example of non-renewable timber production is that obtained from the logging of rainforests, which decimates the environment without giving back anything beneficial or conducive to its recovery.
What is climatology? Why is it an important field of study?
Climate is one of the most important factors in our environment and we need to have predictions about its behavior to know how safe we are. It effects our food sources, our health and our homes. It would be foolish to be this scientifically and technologically advanced and not take full advantage of exploring climate. Quite frankly it would be irrational.Climatology deals with the study of climate. It is a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth Sciences. In recent times, Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography, hydrology and biogeochemistry. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting while climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. There are different approaches in Climatology: (1) Paleoclimatology which seeks to reconstruct past climates through examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology); (2) Paleotempestology which relies on the use of past records to determine hurricane frequency over millennia; (3) use of meteorological data accumulated over many years to study contemporary climates; (4) use of statistical or mathematical models to study the atmosphere and its dynamics; (5) modeling for understanding past, present and potential future climates; and (5) historical climatology where climates are related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years. Since climate is a long term representation of weather on a large scale and is a product of complex processes, researchers need to have very good understanding of physical laws usually expressed as differential equations. This makes it difficult to conduct climate research since the equations are normally coupled and are non-linear, thus requiring numerical methods to obtain approximate solutions. Sometimes climate is modeled as a stochastic process when approximating very complex processes. These activities necessitate the quantitative approach in climatology.
What is the importance of civil engineering?
Civil engineering is an important branch among all the other engineering branches as through construction and infrastructure a nation can be called as developed or non developed.Civil engineering has a great inportance as without this branch of engineering roads , buildings, canals , dams cant be made as it is work of a civil engineer .Civil engineering has a great aspects in public life such asCivil engineers help in making better roads for motorvehicles .Civil engineering helps in connecting two mountain gaps through bridge construction .It helps in making dams so that electricity can be generated as we know that huge amount of electricity comes through dams .Therefore civil engineering is very important branch and it is very much essential for public and nation development .
What is the importance of physics to the society?
Physics is the most basic of the physical sciences. From chemistry and geology through to biology and cosmology, we understand science in terms of the concepts developed in physics. Not only this, but many of the tools on which the advances of science and technology depend are direct product of physics. The interests and concerns of physicists have always formed the basis of future technology. In medicine we use X-rays, radioisotope and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, lasers, electron microscopes, synchrotron radiation, and electronics all depend on advances made in physics. Where would our modern western economies be without computers? -- we could not build the electronics that modern computers rely on without a knowledge of quantum mechanics. --------------------------------------... Physics doesn't just lead to working in a research laboratory. Physicists: * Design computer games * Monitor the environment * Invent life-saving medical equipment * Make the latest cars the safest ever * Model financial markets * Shape futuristic buildings and structures Physics is useful in everyday situations. Having an awareness of physics can help explain: * Friction, breaks and crashes * How water boils or freezes * How simple machines work. * Working out how fast or slow things go * Predicting where things go and when they get there.